Effects of the lichen Peltigera canina on Cucurbita pepo spp. pepo grown in soil contaminated by DDTs
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of the lichen Peltigera canina on Cucurbita pepo spp. pepo grown in soil contaminated by DDTs Aysegul Akpinar 1
&
Asuman Cansev 2 & Mehmet Isleyen 3
Received: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lichens consisting of a symbiotic association of green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi are found in a variety of environmental conditions worldwide. Terricolous lichens, located in soils, affect the living and lifeless environment of the soil due to their effective secondary metabolite and enzymatic content. Terricolous lichens can increase the biological, chemical, and physical usefulness of soil. However, their effects in ensuring the bioavailability of contaminated soil are not known, especially on soil pollution caused by DDTs (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT). This research focuses on the effect of terricolous lichens on zucchini (Cucurbita pepo spp. pepo) grown in soil contaminated by DDTs, utilizing their secondary metabolite and enzymatic contents. Firstly, Peltigera canina, a terricolous lichen species, was added to soil contaminated by DDTs as powdered and intact thallus. After lichen addition to soil, zucchini was planted in. The oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme activities of zucchini were measured. According to the results, P. canina treatments have a positive effect on the growth and development of zucchini, although oxidative stress was observed. Also, it was determined that powdered application had more effective results than intact thallus application. Keywords Lichens . Peltigera canina . DDTs . Soil bioavailability . Oxidative stress . Antioxidative defense system
Introduction Lichens are important part of terrestrial ecosystems. They occur in a large proportion of the ground-layer biomass of some forest, grassland, and tundra ecosystems (Asplund and Wardle 2017). Lichens consisting of a symbiotic association of green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi are a higher organism group
in comparison to bacteria and fungi. They have their ability to tolerate difficulties in the most extreme environments (Beckett et al. 2008). They are on the vast parts of the Earth’s land surface from low temperature, to high intensity of ultraviolet radiation and prolonged drought in the hot deserts (Nash 2008). Because they have improved a perfect adaptation evolutionally in order to survive in extreme conditions
Highlights • Peltigera canina treatments (powdered and intact lichen thallus) have a positive effect on the growth and development of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo spp. pepo) grown in soils contaminated by DDTs. • Especially powdered Peltigera canina can be added to the soil contaminated with DDTs as soil additive to induce development of zucchini. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Aysegul Akpinar [email protected] Asuman Cansev [email protected] Mehmet Isleyen [email protected]
1
Vocational School of Higher Education, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, 11230 Bilecik, Turkey
2
Horticulture D
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