Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on the innate and adaptive immune response in cyclists and runners
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on the innate and adaptive immune response in cyclists and runners Milena Nasi 1 & Elena Bianchini 1 & Domenico Lo Tartaro 2 & Sara De Biasi 3 & Marco Mattioli 3 & Annamaria Paolini 1 & Lara Gibellini 3 & Marcello Pinti 4 & Anna De Gaetano 4 & Roberta D’Alisera 5 & Laura Roli 6 & Johanna Chester 1 & Anna Vittoria Mattioli 1,7 & Tomassina Polverari 8 & Pasqualino Maietta 9 & Ferdinando Tripi 10 & Omar Stefani 10 & Emanuele Guerra 5 & Gustavo Savino 5 & Tommaso Trenti 6 & Andrea Cossarizza 3,7 Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The study aimed to identify the effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on immunological, hormonal, and metabolic responses of non-professional male athletes. Ten cyclists and ten middle-distance runners received 3 once-a-day sessions of WBC. Before initiating and after the final WBC session, a full set of hematologic parameters, serum chemistry profile, hormones, circulating mitochondrial (mt) DNA levels, cytokines, and chemokines concentration were evaluated. The phenotype of monocyte, T cells, and B cells was analyzed. mRNA expression of 6 genes involved in inflammasome activation (NAIP, AIM2, NLRP3, PYCARD, IL-1β, and IL-18) was quantified. WBC reduced glucose and C and S protein and increased HDL, urea, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, follicle-stimulating hormone, IL-18, IL-1RA, CCL2, and CXCL8. Intermediate and nonclassical monocyte percentages decreased, and the CD14, CCR5, CCR2, and CXCR4 expressions changed in different subsets. Only IL-1β mRNA increased in monocytes. Finally, a redistribution of B and T cell subsets was observed, suggesting the migration of mature cells to tissue. WBC seems to induce changes in both innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, hormones, and metabolic status in non-professional male athletes, suggesting a beneficial involvement of WBC in tissue repair. Keywords Cryotherapy . Inflammation . Innate immunity . Wounds and injuries . Cytokines
Introduction Skeletal muscle undergoes continuous repair as a result of its contractile activity. The early phase of muscle regeneration is characterized by the migration/infiltration of innate immune cells, including monocytes and the activation of resident muscle stem cells, which are essential for efficient muscle
* Milena Nasi [email protected] 1
2
Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
regeneration. Thus, the inflammation plays a crucial role in tissue repair, and there is a cross-talk between skeletal muscle and the immune system [1]. Regular exercise leads to changes in circulation, metabolism, and in the immune system, with an anti-inflammatory effect, while a mechanical overload associated with intense physical effort is associated with more prono
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