Efficient and low-energy mechanochemical extraction of lead from dumped crystal glass waste
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Efficient and low‑energy mechanochemical extraction of lead from dumped crystal glass waste Richard Nasilele Mutafela1 · Fei Ye2 · Yahya Jani1 · Joydeep Dutta2 · William Hogland1 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Glass waste dumps from crystal glass production is an health issue due to the occurrence of antimony, arsenic, cadmium and lead in crystal glass. Recovery of those elements could both decrease pollution and recycle metals in the circular economy. Pyrometallurgy is a potential recovery method, yet limited by high energy consumption. Here we tested a lower-energy alternative in which glass is mechanically activated in a ball mill and leached with nitric acid. Results show that mechanical activation destabilised the glass structure and resulted in 78% lead extraction during leaching at 95 °C. Temperature had the most significant effect on extraction, whereas acid concentration, from 0.5 to 3 M, and leaching time, from 0.5 to 12 h, had insignificant effects. In each experiment, 75% of the final extracted amount was achieved within 30 min. The study demonstrates potential for lead extraction from glass waste at lower acid concentration, shorter leaching time and lower temperature, of 95 °C, than traditional pyrometallurgical extraction, typically operating at 1100 °C. Keywords Hazardous waste · Crystal glass · Mechanical activation · Acid leaching · Lead extraction · Circular economy
Introduction Glassworks have been sources of anthropogenic pollutants around the world (Brião et al. 2020; Mutafela et al. 2020a; Rossini et al. 2010). Elements used in crystal glass, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb) and lead (Pb) end up in the environment through emissions, effluents and other factory wastes (Mutafela et al. 2020b). They can contaminate soil, surface and ground water, and pose human health hazards (Keng et al. 2014; Malik et al. 2019). In Sweden, contaminated glass dumps are excavated and materials landfilled as a remediation measure. Unlike transferring the contamination problem (Pasalari et al. 2019), remediation Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01096-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Richard Nasilele Mutafela [email protected] 1
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 392 31 Kalmar, Sweden
Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
2
could incorporate recovery of the contaminants like Pb for use in batteries, radiation shielding and other protective coatings (Mutafela et al. 2019; Yu et al. 2016). The only documented method of Pb recovery from crystal glass waste is pyrometallurgy through reduction-melting (Jani and Hogland, 2017), an energy-intensive (1100 °C) process that also emits Pb-containing particulates (Li et al. 2
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