Collagen Extraction from Various Waste Bovine Hide Sources
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Collagen Extraction from Various Waste Bovine Hide Sources Safiya Noorzai1 · Casparus Johannes Reinhard Verbeek2 · Mark Christopher Lay1 · Janis Swan1 Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 3 October 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Purpose Hide is a by-product of meat production and is mostly used for leather production. Collagen is the main protein in mammalian skin, connective tissue and cartilage and presents an opportunity for value addition to waste hide off-cuttings by extracting collagen. Three different extraction methods were applied to five different hide sources. The hide sources differed with respect to the animal’s age, sex, diet and environment and influenced collagen extractables yield, and therefore the economic benefit of extraction. Methods Acid-solubilisation (AS), acid-enzyme solubilisation (AES1) and modified acid-enzyme solubilisation (AES2) were used to extract collagen from bull, calf, cow, face-pieces and ox-hides. Results The highest dry collagen content was from cow hides using the AES2 method (75.13%), followed closely by bull hides at 74.45%. On the other hand, the lowest collagen content was from cow hides (3.80%) with the AS extraction method and the AS method proved to be inefficient for collagen extraction from bull, cow, face-piece and ox-hide sources. Analysis concluded that all the samples were of Type I collagen with α, β, and γ chains. Conclusions Waste bovine hide off-cuttings can be used to extract high value product of collagen. AES2 proved to be the most preferable method of extraction out of the three methods applied and considering leather to collagen revenue, these waste bovine hide off-cuttings could potentially result in substantial revenue. Graphic Abstract FTIR
100
AES1
AS
60
SDS-PAGE
Lyophilized collagen
40 20
Proper es
0 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Wavenumber (cm-1) 30 Wet extractables yield (%)
Waste hide – 5 types
Transmitance (%)
80
Extrac on
25
AES2
20
AES1
500
AS
15
AES2
10 5 0 BH
CH1 CH2 Collagen source
FP
OH
Keywords Waste hide · Collagen · Collagen content · Acid soluble collagen · Pepsin soluble collagen
* Safiya Noorzai [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Statement of Novelty To our knowledge, no work has been carried out on extraction of collagen from waste bovine hide off-cuttings from the five sources used in this paper. The novelty further lies in the application of three extraction methods and understanding which extraction method works best with each different bovine hide source, hence providing efficient methods of extraction rather than just using one method for any source. In terms of waste valorization and economics, there is benefit in terms of using waste bovine hide off-cuttings and producing high value product collagen.
Introduction Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up to 30% of whole-body protein content [1]. The collagen molecule is a triple-helix of three distinct
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