Efficient blind decoders for additive spread spectrum embedding based data hiding
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Efficient blind decoders for additive spread spectrum embedding based data hiding Amir Valizadeh* and Z Jane Wang
Abstract This article investigates efficient blind watermark decoding approaches for hidden messages embedded into host images, within the framework of additive spread spectrum (SS) embedding based for data hiding. We study SS embedding in both the discrete cosine transform and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domains. The contributions of this article are multiple-fold: first, we show that the conventional SS scheme could not be applied directly into the magnitudes of the DFT, and thus we present a modified SS scheme and the optimal maximum likelihood (ML) decoder based on the Weibull distribution is derived. Secondly, we investigate the improved spread spectrum (ISS) embedding, an improved technique of the traditional additive SS, and propose the modified ISS scheme for information hiding in the magnitudes of the DFT coefficients and the optimal ML decoders for ISS embedding are derived. We also provide thorough theoretical error probability analysis for the aforementioned decoders. Thirdly, sub-optimal decoders, including local optimum decoder (LOD), generalized maximum likelihood (GML) decoder, and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) decoder, are investigated to reduce the required prior information at the receiver side, and their theoretical decoding performances are derived. Based on decoding performances and the required prior information for decoding, we discuss the preferred host domain and the preferred decoder for additive SS-based data hiding under different situations. Extensive simulations are conducted to illustrate the decoding performances of the presented decoders. Keywords: digital watermarking, additive spread spectrum embedding, optimum decoding
1. Introduction The growing use of Internet has enabled the users to easily access, share, manipulate, and distribute the digital media data, and digital media has profoundly changed our daily life during the past decade. This proliferation of digital media data creates a technological revolution to the entertainment and media industries, brings new experience to users, and introduces new Internet concepts. However, the massive production and use of digital media also pose new challenges to the copyright industries and raise critical issues of protecting intellectual property of digital media, since current media sharing makes unauthorized copying and illegal distribution of the digital media much easier. One popular technology for digital right protection is digital watermarking [1], where a specific signal (e.g., the ownership information) is embedded into the host * Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
media content without significantly degrading the perceptual quality of the original media data. In contrast to traditional encryption techniques, watermarked media data can still be used while remaining pr
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