Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Indo-Pacific-wide zoanthid, Zoanthus sansibaricus
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Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Indo-Pacific-wide zoanthid, Zoanthus sansibaricus Drew C. Wham & Margaux Carmichael & James D. Reimer & Todd C. LaJeunesse
Received: 30 October 2012 / Revised: 26 February 2013 / Accepted: 10 March 2013 / Published online: 10 April 2013 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Next generation sequencing allows rapid development of genetic markers for investigating the ecology and evolution of non-model organisms. In the present study we employed 454 sequencing and high through-put screening to ultimately generate eight highly polymorphic microsatellites for Zoanthus sansibaricus, a common colonial anemone in the order Zoantharia that is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Each locus was screened against cultured Symbiodinium as well as on individuals harboring distantly related symbiont species to discount contamination by DNA from their obligate dinoflagellate symbionts. The range of Z. sansibaricus extends across the tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific oceans. Therefore, these population genetic markers will allow examination of dispersal and gene flow in this species across large tropical and subtropical oceanic ranges. Keywords Microsatellite . Zoanthus . Next generation sequencing . Marker development
various species of photosynthetic dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium spp.), which may allow them to occupy different reef photic zones (Reimer et al. 2006; Kamezaki et al. 2012). Within this genus, Zoanthus sansibaricus Carlgren, 1900 is one of the most common species in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans (type locality = Zanzibar; reports from Japan: Reimer et al. 2004; Galapagos: Reimer and Hickman 2009, New Caledonia: Sinniger 2006, Singapore: Reimer and Todd 2009, etc.). Phylogenetic evidence from Cytochrome oxidase 1 indicate that various morphotypes, once considered as separate species, probably comprise a single widespread species (Reimer et al. 2004). The application of population genetic markers would allow further testing of the species boundaries in this group. Here, we use a next-generation sequencing approach to rapidly generate microsatellite markers. These single-copy, independently assorting nuclear markers provide the ability to examine clonal and population structure as well as identify the existence of reproductive boundaries in this group (i.e. species delimitation).
Introduction Materials and methods Members of the genus Zoanthus are common in shallow water tropical and sub-tropical environments world wide, often occurring on reef crests and shallow reef fronts, where they may dominate the benthic landscape (Irei et al. 2011). Like most tropical zoanthids, they maintain obligate symbioses with D. C. Wham (*) : M. Carmichael : T. C. LaJeunesse Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 221 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. D. Reimer Rising Star Program, Trans-disciplinary Organization for Subtropical
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