Electric Vehicles Charging Technology Review and Optimal Size Estimation
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Electric Vehicles Charging Technology Review and Optimal Size Estimation Morris Brenna1 · Federica Foiadelli1 · Carola Leone1 · Michela Longo1 Received: 8 April 2020 / Revised: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Many different types of electric vehicle (EV) charging technologies are described in literature and implemented in practical applications. This paper presents an overview of the existing and proposed EV charging technologies in terms of converter topologies, power levels, power flow directions and charging control strategies. An overview of the main charging methods is presented as well, particularly the goal is to highlight an effective and fast charging technique for lithium ions batteries concerning prolonging cell cycle life and retaining high charging efficiency. Once presented the main important aspects of charging technologies and strategies, in the last part of this paper, through the use of genetic algorithm, the optimal size of the charging systems is estimated and, on the base of a sensitive analysis, the possible future trends in this field are finally valued. Keywords Electric vehicle · Plug-in electric vehicles · Battery charger · Charging infrastructure · Vehicle-to-grid · Grid-tovehicle · Charging methods
1 Introduction Growing concern of carbon dioxide emissions, greenhouse effects and rapid depletion of fossil fuels raise the necessity to produce and adopt new eco-friendly sustainable alternatives to the internal combustion engine (ICE) driven vehicles. For this reason, in the last decade, EVs have become in some way widespread, principally because of their negligible flue gas emissions and lesser reliance on oil. It is estimated that by 2022, EVs will be over 35 million in the World. However, a critical problem associated with EVs is that their high penetration causes significant issues on the power distribution grid such as: power quality deterioration, enhanced damaged of line, downturn of distribution transformers, increased distortion and higher fault current [1, 2].
* Carola Leone [email protected] Morris Brenna [email protected] Federica Foiadelli [email protected] Michela Longo [email protected] 1
Department of Energy, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
One efficient approach to relieve the effect is to integrate local power generation such as renewable energy sources (RESs) into the EV charging infrastructure [3–5]. Batteries can be charged through conductive or inductive methods [6]. Inductive charger are wireless charging systems (WCS). WCS can be stationary, which means that they can only be utilized when the car is parked or in stationary modes, such as in car parks, garages, or at traffic signals, or they can be dynamic. This latter method allows battery charging while the vehicle is in motion. In general, WCS can bring some advantages in the form of aesthetic quality, reliability, durability and user friendliness. Anyway, due to some challenges such as electromagnetic compatibility
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