Electrified powertrains for wheel-driven non-road mobile machinery
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Electrified powertrains for wheel‑driven non‑road mobile machinery Josef Markus Ratzinger1 · Simon Buchberger1 · Helmut Eichlseder1 Received: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Already enacted carbon-dioxide ( CO2) limiting legislations for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, drive motivations to consider electrification also in the sector of non-road mobile machinery. Up to now, only the emissions of the vehicles themselves have been restricted. However, to capture the overall situation, a more global assessment approach is necessary. The study described in this article applies a tank-to-wheel and an extended well-to-wheel approach based on simulations to compare three different powertrains: a battery electric drive, a parallel electric hybrid drive, and a series electric hybrid drive. The results show that electrification is not per se the better solution in terms of keeping CO2 emissions at a minimum, as battery electric powertrains are accountable for the lowest as well as the highest possible C O2 emissions of all powertrains compared. A battery electric machine is not economically competitive if its battery has to last a whole working day. Parallel hybrid systems do not achieve much of an advantage in terms of CO2 emissions. In this global assessment approach, the most promising propulsion system for wheel-driven-mobile-machinery appears to be the series hybrid system, which shows to offer up to 20% of CO2 saving potential compared to the current machine. Keywords Non-road mobile machinery · NRMM · Mobile machinery · CO2 emissions · Tank-to-wheel · Well-to-wheel · Battery electric · Parallel hybrid · Series hybrid Abbreviations AUX Auxiliary b Burned Batt Battery BSFC Brake-specific fuel consumption CD Charge-depleting CS Charge-sustaining DT Drive train eff Effective el Electric EM Electric motor HM Hydraulic motor HP Hydraulic pump Hyd Hydraulic i Internal ICE Internal combustion engine l Loss NRMM Non-road mobile machinery * Josef Markus Ratzinger [email protected] 1
Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Research Area “Propulsion Systems”, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
PE Power electronics pH Parallel hybrid Recup Recuperation sH Series hybrid TM Traction motor tot Total TtW Tank-to-wheel WH Working hydraulic system WM Working motor WtW Well-to-wheel
1 Introduction For the vast majority of mobile machinery, the dominant power source is a diesel engine. The share of “non-road mobile machinery” (NRMM) in total European fuel consumption of passenger and goods transport was 11% in 2010 [1]. This corresponds to 2% of total European carbondioxide (CO2) emissions in the same reference year. Current European legislation for NRMM covers a broad range of machinery typically used off the road. The legislation determines different performance classes for which emission limits are set respectively, ranging from machines like
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