Electro-optic modulators based on hybrid plasmonic micro-ring-disk resonators with femtojoule switching energy
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Electro-optic modulators based on hybrid plasmonic micro-ringdisk resonators with femtojoule switching energy Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos1 • Mohamed A. Swillam2 • Romeo Beccherelli1
Received: 15 August 2016 / Accepted: 26 October 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract An electro-optic modulator based on hybrid plasmonic micro-ring-disks with submicron radii is designed and rigorously investigated via the finite-element method. The device is based on the conductor-gap-silicon hybrid plasmonic platform and utilizes an embedded electro-optical polymer to control the resonant wavelengths of micro-ring-disk resonators. Such elements combine the easier fabrication of microdisks with the lower capacitance of microring resonators and provide high modulation depths, low insertion losses, and energy consumption around 1 fJ/bit. Finally, an add-drop filter configured in a 2 2 switching matrix is presented and its performance is preliminary assessed.
1 Introduction Not limited by the diffraction limit inherent to integrated photonic platforms based on purely dielectric waveguides, plasmonic circuits offer the possibility for dense integration by guiding light at sub-wavelength scales, in the form
This report was made possible by a NPRP award [NPRP 7 - 456 - 1 085] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of The Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. & Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos [email protected] 1
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), 00133 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
of surface light waves at the interface between metals and dielectrics. The miniaturization of the overall footprint of plasmonic architectures is the key element toward the merging between electronics and photonics in new generation integrated chips that benefit from the best features of both worlds, namely dense integration with high bandwidth and low latency [1]. Indispensable components in integrated chips are optical modulators, which convert the electrical information signal into optical pulses, and switches that control the flow of information through the circuit channels. When it comes to plasmonic-based devices, the employment of electro-optically responsive materials provides promising solutions toward the implementation of efficient modulators, by utilizing the same metallic parts as both light waveguides and electrical contacts and by maximizing light-matter interaction between the electrooptic material and the propagating optical signal [2, 3]. Various physical phenomena have been thus far exploited, such as the carrier concentration change effect thin transparent oxide layers [4], the Pockels effect in vð2Þ nonlinear polymers [5, 6], or the electro-optic tuning of liquid crystalline materials [7–9]. In particular, the Pockels effect in electro-optic polymers (EOP) offers a powerful altern
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