Electrochemical multi-analyte point-of-care perspiration sensors using on-chip three-dimensional graphene electrodes
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Electrochemical multi-analyte point-of-care perspiration sensors using on-chip three-dimensional graphene electrodes Meike Bauer 1 & Lukas Wunderlich 1 & Florian Weinzierl 1 & Yongjiu Lei 2 & Axel Duerkop 1 & Husam N. Alshareef 2 & Antje J. Baeumner 1,3 Received: 29 June 2020 / Revised: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Multi-analyte sensing using exclusively laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based planar electrode systems was developed for sweat analysis. LIG provides 3D structures of graphene, can be manufactured easier than any other carbon electrode also on large scale, and in form of electrodes: hence, it is predestinated for affordable, wearable point-of-care sensors. Here, it is demonstrated that LIG facilitates all three electrochemical sensing strategies (voltammetry, potentiometry, impedance) in a multi-analyte system for sweat analysis. A potentiometric potassium-ion-selective electrode in combination with an electrodeposited Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE) enabled the detection of potassium ions in the entire physiologically relevant range (1 to 500 mM) with a fast response time, unaffected by the presence of main interfering ions and sweat-collecting materials. A kidney-shaped interdigitated LIG electrode enabled the determination of the overall electrolyte concentration by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at a fixed frequency. Enzyme-based strategies with amperometric detection share a common RE and were realized with Prussian blue as electron mediator and biocompatible chitosan for enzyme immobilization and protection of the electrode. Using glucose and lactate oxidases, lower limits of detection of 13.7 ± 0.5 μM for glucose and 28 ± 3 μM for lactate were obtained, respectively. The sensor showed a good performance at different pH, with sweat-collecting tissues, on a model skin system and furthermore in synthetic sweat as well as in artificial tear fluid. Response time for each analytical cycle totals 75 s, and hence allows a quasicontinuous and simultaneous monitoring of all analytes. This multi-analyte all-LIG system is therefore a practical, versatile, and most simple strategy for point-of-care applications and has the potential to outcompete standard screen-printed electrodes.
Keywords Laser-induced graphene (LIG) . Point-of-care (POC) . Electrochemical biosensor . Sweat sensor . Health-monitoring platform
Introduction Published in the topical collection 2D Nanomaterials for Electroanalysis with guest editor Sabine Szunerits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02939-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Antje J. Baeumner [email protected] 1
Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
2
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Biologi
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