Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers and Drugs
Cancer has been posing a global health concern due to an increasing number of people who have been struggling day by day. The fight against this global health threat can be accomplished with efficient early diagnosis and theranostic strategies. Cancer bio
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Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers and Drugs Tuğba Ören Varol
Abstract
Cancer has been posing a global health concern due to an increasing number of people who have been struggling day by day. The fight against this global health threat can be accomplished with efficient early diagnosis and theranostic strategies. Cancer biomarker detection and anticancer drug monitoring utilizing the unique features of analytical techniques constitute a vital part of developing powerful cancer diagnosis and treatment methodologies. Hence, electrochemical sensors and biosensors offer practical, sensitive, selective and accurate detection of cancer biomarkers and anticancer drugs with low-cost and portable devices for on-site and in vivo analysis by holding a potential to be an alternative to conventional techniques. A general consideration about the electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the cancer diagnosis and treatment has been given in this context by presenting basic principles of electrochemical sensor and biosensor fabrication and their applications in recent years. Besides, it has been attempted to trigger readers to gain knowledge about the requirement and potency of electrochemical sensing and biosensing strategies in terms of cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug development studies by discussing pros and cons of electrochemical sensors and biosensors and predicting future perspectives. Keywords
Electrochemical sensor · Biosensor · Cancer biomarker · Anticancer drug · Cancer diagnosis · Nanomaterial
T. Ören Varol (*) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] # The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 H. S. Tuli (ed.), Drug Targets in Cellular Processes of Cancer: From Nonclinical to Preclinical Models, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7586-0_2
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T. Ören Varol
Introduction
Cancer has been evaluated as a global epidemic that emerges as a second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is thought that there are more than 200 types of cancer along with a high heterogeneity within a tumour tissue [1–6]. The early prognosis is a prominent factor to inhibit and treat carcinogenesis to save the life of a cancer patient by increasing the survival rate through a successful treatment [6– 8]. However, uncontrollable cell proliferation engenders the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells to the more distant locations of the body. Moreover, the recognition of cancer cells by immune system is tricky due to the classification of these self-derived cells as safe by the fact that cancer cells can easily coordinate the activity of inflammation cells through the regulation of inflammatory factors, transcriptional factors and growth factors [5, 9–11]. In spite of the misdiagnosis possibility arising from the contradiction in the benign and malignant lesions differentiation and lower sensitivity, imaging technologies based on X-ray,
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