Elimination of dibenzothiophene from n -hexane by nano-composite membrane containing Cu-MOF in a pervaporation process
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Elimination of dibenzothiophene from n‑hexane by nano‑composite membrane containing Cu‑MOF in a pervaporation process Arezoo Abdali1 · Mehdi Mahmoudian1 · Somayeh Mahmoudi Eskandarabadi1 · Ehsan Nozad1 · Mojtaba Enayati2 Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract In this study, a particular type of thin film nano-composite membranes was prepared and used in the pervaporation process. The membranes were made of polyphenylsulfone and were coated with a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane containing different amount of Cu-metal–organic framework (MOF) nano-structures. N-hexane containing dibenzothiophene was used as a model fuel. To characterize MOF and the prepared membranes, Fourier transform infrared, X-Ray diffraction, Brunauer– Emmett–Teller, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis were used. The effect of parameters such as sulfur content, process temperature, and Cu-MOF concentration on the membrane performance was evaluated. The results indicated that nano-composite membranes demonstrate a much better performance compared to the untreated membrane. The membrane containing 5 wt% Cu-MOF with a contact angle of 97° had more hydrophilic surface and proved the effect of the additive in improving the surface hydrophilicity. This membrane had the highest rate of flux and rejection (0.4 kg/m2 h and 70%, respectively), and the lowest enrichment factor (0.3). As the temperature increased, the flux of M4 membrane (with 5 wt% additive) increased, while the removal efficiency decreased significantly. The optimum temperature for desulfurization in the pervaporation process was obtained (50 °C). Keywords Pervaporation · Thin film composite membrane · Desulfurization · Dibenzothiophene
Introduction The existing sulfur in gasoline is converted to S Ox gases after ignition in an engine, which emitted into the atmosphere and leads to acidic rains. These sulfur contaminations not only damage the engine but also have long-term destructive effects on the environment. Along with the exacerbation of environmental issues, the manner of controlling organic sulfur-containing compounds to reach a sulfur-free fuel has been an essential and fundamental problem for researchers. The content of sulfur in commercial gasoline is restricted to 100 and 200 ppm in Japan and European countries, and the goal is to reduce it to 30 ppm soon [1]. Various methods have been used for the desulfurization of gasoline such as hydrogen desulfurization (HDS) [2–4], * Mehdi Mahmoudian [email protected] 1
Nanotechnology Department, College of Science, Urmia University, P.O. Box 57159‑404931, Urmia, Iran
Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
2
adsorption desulfurization [5, 6], extraction desulfurization [7–9], oxidative desulfurization. [10–12]. Nowadays, HDS is the main method applied for desulfurization of crude oil in the industry.
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