Elimination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from water by means of filtration with natural clays and silica sand
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Elimination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from water by means of filtration with natural clays and silica sand in developing countries Edgar Pineda . Marı´a J. Garcı´a-Ruiz Francisco Osorio
. Diana Guaya . John Manrique .
Received: 16 April 2019 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This research presents the results of a pilot system used for water treatment to be supplied to single-family or small housing nucleus at rural sector. The pilot system is constituted by an up-flow aerated filter with ceramic carrier, followed by a second downflow filter of silica sand. The pilot plant was installed in a rural sector of the province of Loja, Ecuador, with the main purpose of monitoring the reduction in bacteria in the water for human consumption. Two natural clays from the area were tested. They were transformed into sphere-type ceramics, and then, they were placed in the pilot filters. These both natural clays are inorganic materials with high content of aluminosilicate clay minerals with favourable characteristics to achieve greater efficiency for the reduction in bacteria. The acclimatization time of 60 days
E. Pineda J. Manrique Department of Geology, Mines and Civil Engineering, UTPL, Universidad Te´cnica Particular de Loja, Barrio San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat Street, s/n, Loja, Ecuador M. J. Garcı´a-Ruiz (&) F. Osorio Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Water, University of Granada, Ramo´n y Cajal Street, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain e-mail: [email protected] D. Guaya Department of Chemical, UTPL, Universidad Te´cnica Particular de Loja, Barrio San Cayetano Alto, Marcelino Champagnat Street, s/n, Loja, Ecuador
allowed to achieve optimum treatment efficiency performance until 90 days of operation. The physicochemical parameters, namely temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids, were monitored throughout the experiments. Regarding microbiological parameters, up to 99% of total coliforms removal was reached for the clay called CF-CC and 79% for the other, called CF-CV. In addition, 100% of total coliforms and Escherichia Coli removal was reached for both clay systems. Social and economic viability of the proposed treatment is also analysed in the manuscript. Keywords Piloting system Drinking water treatment Ceramic material Filtration Natural clays
Introduction The World Health Organization estimates that in 2030, about 2100 million people will not have access to safely managed water. Presently, about 844 million people lack a basic drinking water service, 263 million people walk more than 30 min for a water source to collect it and 159 million people are still drinking untreated water from sources such as streams, lakes and reservoirs (WHO 2017a). The scarcity of safe water promotes about 85% of diseases and deaths worldwide. In Latin America, about 150,000 deaths from water diseases are annually reported, and the
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Environ Geochem Health
85% involve children under
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