Emerging electrochemical processes for materials recovery from wastewater: Mechanisms and prospects
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Emerging electrochemical processes for materials recovery from wastewater: Mechanisms and prospects Lingchen Kong, Xitong Liu (✉) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA*
HIGHLIGHTS
GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
• Mechanisms for selective recovery of materials in electrochemical processes are discussed. • Wastewaters that contain recoverable materials are reviewed. • Application prospects are discussed from both technical and non-technical aspects.
ARTICLE INFO Article history:
Received 30 April 2020 Revised 22 July 2020 Accepted 23 July 2020 Available online 4 September 2020 Keywords: Materials recovery Electrosorption Capacitive deionization Redox processes Electrochemical precipitation
ABSTRACT Recovering valuable materials from waste streams is critical to the transition to a circular economy with reduced environmental damages caused by resource extraction activities. Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a variety of materials, such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), lithium, and rare earth elements, which can be recovered as value-added products. Owing to their modularity, convenient operation and control, and the non-requirement of chemical dosage, electrochemical technologies offer a great promise for resource recovery in small-scale, decentralized systems. Here, we review three emerging electrochemical technologies for materials recovery applications: electrosorption based on carbonaceous and intercalation electrodes, electrochemical redox processes, and electrochemically induced precipitation. We highlight the mechanisms for achieving selective materials recovery in these processes. We also present an overview of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, as well as the key challenges that need to be overcome for their deployment in real-world systems to achieve cost-effective and sustainable materials recovery. © Higher Education Press 2020
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Introduction
The treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters has traditionally been motivated by the detrimental impacts of pathogens and chemical pollutants on human health and the natural environment (van Loosdrecht and Brdjanovic, 2014). While this wastewater treatment approach has achieved significant public health benefits over the past century, it falls short to achieve our society’s sustainability
✉ Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Special Issue—Accounts of Aquatic Chemistry and Technology Research (Responsible Editors: Jinyong Liu, Haoran Wei & Yin Wang)
goals as we face a host of emerging environmental challenges including water stress, climate change, and resource scarcity (Puyol et al., 2016). As the societal production system transitions from a raw-material-towaste paradigm to a cradle-to-cradle model, wastewater is increasingly being viewed as a collection of resources, notably, water, energy, and materials. The extraction of water and energy from wastewaters has been discussed in recent reviews (Shaffer et al., 2
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