Emission factor, relative ozone formation potential and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of VOCs emitted from manuf
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Sustainable Environment Research
(2020) 30:28
RESEARCH
Open Access
Emission factor, relative ozone formation potential and relative carcinogenic risk assessment of VOCs emitted from manufacturing industries Hsi-Hsien Yang1, Sunil Kumar Gupta1*
and Narayan Babu Dhital1,2,3
Abstract Manufacturing industries are one of the important emission sectors of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, VOC emission factors, relative ozone formation potential (ROFP) and relative carcinogenic risk (RCR) were estimated for manufacturing industries (n = 13) located in central Taiwan. Emission samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and were analyzed with a system of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Higher emission factors of total VOCs (∑VOCs) were observed for stencil printing (423 mg-VOC kg− 1) compared to other emission industries. Alkanes constituted the most prominent group of VOCs for steel foundry (42%), aluminum foundry (25%) and synthetic resin industries (25%). Oxygenated VOCs were the most abundant group in the organic solvent (80%), polyester resin (80%) and polyurethane (75%) industries. Moreover, emissions from acrylic resin manufacturing had a major contribution from aromatic compounds (> 95%). Toluene was the topmost compound in terms of its contribution to ∑VOCs in plastic tape manufacturing (44%), aluminum foundry (40%), steel foundry (12%), plastic coating (64%) and stencil printing (35%). Analysis of ozone formation potentials showed that the metal product and machinery acrylic resin manufacturing and stencil printing had a higher normalized relative ozone formation potential (ROFP) index and belonged to Level-I emission sources. However, in terms of the relative carcinogenic risk (RCR), integrated iron and steel manufacturing had the highest normalized RCR index that belonged to level-I emission sources. Level-I represents the most important VOC emission sources. This study provides a reactivity- and carcinogenicity-based approach to identify high-priority VOC emission sources. The results of this study would help formulate emission reduction policies and strategies for manufacturing industries. Keywords: Volatile organic compounds, Manufacturing sources, Relative ozone formation potential, Relative carcinogenic risk, Potential source comparison
Introduction Manufacturing industries are important stationary emission sources of air pollutants worldwide. These emission sources have become one of the major contributors to air pollution due to a substantial increase in industrial production [1–3]. The pollutants such as particulate * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
matter, oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose threats to human health and the environment [4–7]. VOCs are of interest in part because they partic
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