Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of differen
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Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh & Ramin Rezaee & Hasan Badibostan & Gholamreza Karimi
Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The heavy metal levels in six walnut cultivars from five geographical zones of Iran were measured. An assessment of risks was conducted by calculating the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The highest amounts of As and Pb were reported in Farouj samples. Also, the highest levels of Cr, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in samples collected from Tuyserkan. Accordingly, 50th and 95th ILCRs for general population due to consumption of walnut were 1.03 × 10−4 and 3.11 × 10−4 (for As), 4.10 × Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh and Ramin Rezaee contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08551-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. F. Taghizadeh : G. Karimi (*) Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad .R, Iran e-mail: [email protected] R. Rezaee Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran R. Rezaee Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran H. Badibostan : G. Karimi Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10−6 and 1.1 × 10−5 (for Cr) and 4.71 × 10−9 and 1.05 × 10−8 (for Pb), respectively. In addition, the 50th and 95th centiles of the HIs for walnut ingestion by Iranians were 1.02 and 2.05, respectively, indicating a minor chance of non-cancer effects. Based on the calculated 95% ILCR, dietary exposure to As through the consumption of walnut poses a risk to Iranian consumer health. However, ILCR values of other heavy metals (HMs) were in acceptable ranges (ILCR < 1 × 10−4), representing no toxicological concern for consumers. The most significantly influential parameters were determined by sensitivity analysis during the MCS. According to THQ and ILCR methods, concentration was the most sensitive parameters. For THQ method the concentration effects were ranged from 72.4 to 85.1%. Moreover, for ILCR method the effects of concentration in As, Cr, and Pb were 87.1, 79.1 and 83.54%, respectively. Keywords Carcinogenicity . Food toxicity . Heavy metals . Non-carcinogenicity . Risk assessment . Walnut
Introduction Risk assessment was established almost 2400 years ago. The Athenians offered their capacity of assessing risk before making decisions. However, risk assessment as a scientific field is young, not more than 30–40 years old. The risk field has two main tasks: (a) to use risk assessments to study and treat the
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