Energy Efficiency: Comparison of Different Systems and Technologies
The efficient use of energy, or energy efficiency, has been widely recognized as an ample and cost-efficient means to save energy and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Up to 1/3 of the worldwide energy demand in 2050 can be saved by energy efficiency me
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Energy Efficiency: Comparison of Different Systems and Technologies Maximilian Lackner* Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Abstract The efficient use of energy, or energy efficiency, has been widely recognized as an ample and costefficient means to save energy and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Up to 1/3 of the worldwide energy demand in 2050 can be saved by energy efficiency measures. In this chapter, several important aspects of energy efficiency are addressed. After an introduction and definition of energy efficiency, historic development and state-of-the-art and future trends of energy efficiency are presented in the light of life cycle assessment and total cost of ownership considerations. Energy efficiency in the sectors energy production, energy transmission and storage, transportation, industry, buildings, and appliances is reviewed. Concurrent measures such as recycling or novel materials are also discussed and touched upon. Energy conservation is covered in the final section of this chapter. References for deeper study are provided with an emphasis on guidelines on how to improve energy efficiency. Given the breadth of the subject, only exemplary coverage can be aimed for. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the significance of energy efficiency and to provide cross-learnings from achievements in different sectors so that energy efficiency in the readers’ own facilities and installations can be assessed and improved with cost-effective means as a contribution to climate change mitigation, cost savings, and improved economic competitiveness.
Keywords 450 scenario (IEA); Absorption heat pump (AHP); Agrichemicals; Agriculture; Aluminum; Ammonia; Appliances; Autoproducer; Barriers to energy efficiency; Best available technology (BAT); Best practices; Biomass; Boiler; Buildings; Carbon intensity; Cement; Chemical industry; Chlorine; Cogeneration; Combined heat and power (CHP); Combustion; Community infrastructure; Compact fluorescent light (CFL); Consumer; Crosscutting technologies; Demand side management (DMS); Dematerialization; Eco-efficiency; Eco-balance; Electric vehicle; Embodied energy; Emission factor; Emission intensity; End user; Energy audit; Energy conservation; Energy distribution; Energy efficiency; Energy flow diagram; Energy intensity; Energy management system (EMS); Energy path; Energy security; Energy Star ®; Energy storage; Energy survey; Energy transmission; Ephemeralization; Fertilizer; Food; Food miles; Gasification; Globalization; Grassmann diagram; Green chemistry; Green computing; Heat pump; Hybrid; Hydrogen; Industrial ecology; Industrial gases; Industry; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); Internal combustion engine; Iron; Light-emitting diode (LED); Life cycle assessment (LCA); Life cycle costs (LCC); Life cycle energy efficiency; Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); Load shedding; Load shifting; Logistics; Market barriers; Methanol; Microgeneration; Negawatt; Operability; Passive building; Petrochemicals; Petroleum refinery; Pharmac
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