Routing in Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks
Advances in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology have been undergoing a revolution that promises a significant impact on society. Most existing wire-less systems and protocols are based on two-dimensional design, where all wire-less nodes are distri
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Routing in Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks Anne Paule Yao and Habib M. Ammari
Abstract Advances in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology have been undergoing a revolution that promises a significant impact on society. Most existing wire-less systems and protocols are based on two-dimensional design, where all wireless nodes are distributed in a two-dimensional (2D) plane. However, 2D assumption may no longer be valid if a wireless network is deployed in space, atmosphere, or ocean, where nodes of a network are distributed over a three-dimensional (3D) space and the differences in the third dimension are too large to be ignored. In fact, recent interest in wireless sensor networks hints at the strong need to design 3D wireless networks. The characteristics of 3D wireless sensor networks require more effective methods to ensure routing and data dissemination protocols in these networks. In this chapter, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing techniques in 3D WSNs.
1 Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently emerged as a premier research topic and have attracted a lot of attention due to their great potential usages in both commercial and civilian applications, such as environmental data collection, pollution monitoring, space exploration, disaster prevention, and tactical surveillance. Several current researches in 3D networks focus on coverage [1–4], connectivity [4, 5], topology control [6, 7], and routing issues [8–14] and protocols [15–20]. Since it is well known that the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and that these sensors have a limited processing and storage capabilities as well as scarce energy resources, specific routing protocols are designed for these networks. They are responsible for maintaining the routes in the A. P. Yao · H. M. Ammari (B) College of Engineering, Department of Computer and Information Science, WiSeMAN Research Lab, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA e-mail: [email protected] H. M. Ammari (ed.), The Art of Wireless Sensor Networks, Signals and Communication Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40066-7_11, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. Most existing wireless sensor systems and protocols are based on two-dimensional (2D) design, where all wireless sensor nodes are distributed in a two-dimensional plane. This assumption is somewhat justified for applications where sensor nodes are deployed on earth surface and where the height of the network is smaller than transmission radius of a node. However, 2D assumption may no longer be valid if a wireless sensor network is deployed in space, atmosphere, or ocean, where nodes of a network are distributed over a 3D space and the difference in the third dimension is too large to be ignored. In fact, recent interests in under-water sensor networks [21] or space sensor networks [22] hints at the strong need to
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