Engulfment Behavior of Inclusions in High-Carbon Steel: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
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INCLUSION engineering, aimed at generating inclusions in steel that are beneficial to the performance of steel products, has received much attention in the past. It is specifically important to be able to manipulate the behavior of nonmetallic inclusions, which may originate defects, especially cracks, during manufacturing steps. Much effort has been expended to produce clean steels
YASUHIRO TANAKA is with the Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia and also with the Steelmaking Division, Yawata Works, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 1-1 Tobihatacho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 804-8501 Japan. FARSHID PAHLEVANI and VEENA SAHAJWALLA are with the Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering. Contact e-mail: f.pahlevani@ unsw.edu.au KAREN PRIVAT is with the Electron Microscope Unit, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia. SUK-CHUN MOON and RIAN DIPPENAAR are with the School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522 Australia. SHIN-YA KITAMURA is with the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 9808577 Japan. Manuscript submitted March 12, 2018.
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by removing as much inclusions as possible from the molten steel and by taking steps to modify inclusions during continuous-casting practice. Examples of such measures are electromagnetic stirring (EMS) in mold and anticlogging of the submerged entry nozzle. By utilizing electromagnetic stirring techniques, horizontal liquid flow generated by Lorenz force pushed nonmetallic inclusions from the solidifying shell back into the bulk liquid, as elegantly articulated by the simulations of Okazawa et al.[1] Nonmetallic inclusions tend to adhere to the submerged entry nozzle, and hence, it has become important to devise anticlogging techniques in order to prevent accumulated inclusions from peeling off from the nozzle, and hence, from flowing into the mold. Great enhancements of these techniques have been seen in recent years, but it is inevitable that some inclusions remain within the liquid steel. For this reason, inclusion behavior during solidification has become an important area of research, especially the production of high-carbon steels, which, because of their inherent brittleness, are very sensitive to the formation of small cracks, and therefore, are very sensitive to the size, shape, and composition of nonmetallic inclusions. In recent years, a combination of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM) and high-temperature furnace has been widely used to perform in situ observations of steel materials in high temperature, such as agglomeration behaviors of nonmetallic inclusions on
the surface of liquid steel,[2–5] dissolution be
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