Enhanced catalytic activity of bio-fabricated ZnO NPs prepared by ultrasound-assisted route for the synthesis of tetrake
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Enhanced catalytic activity of bio‑fabricated ZnO NPs prepared by ultrasound‑assisted route for the synthesis of tetraketone and benzylidenemalonitrile in hydrotropic aqueous medium Suraj R. Attar1 · Bipin Shinde2 · Santosh B. Kamble1 Received: 20 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Mushroom-like mesoporous and hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from plant extract and chemical method respectively, by co-precipitation method in aqueous medium. Different morphological forms of ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, TGA, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, UV–Vis and BET. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract and ultrasound irradiation have a crucial role in the formation of different morphologies of ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs synthesized from plant extract and hydrotrope show a synergistic effect that leads to efficient synthesis of benzylidenemalonitrile and tetraketone derivatives at room temperature in water. Simple preparation of the catalyst, excellent yields, reusability of catalyst with consistent activity and ease of product isolation are the most significant advantages of this green protocol.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1116 4-020-04233-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Santosh B. Kamble [email protected] Suraj R. Attar [email protected] Bipin Shinde [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
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Graphic abstract
Keywords ZnO nanoparticles · Heterogeneous catalysis · Hydrotrope · Knoevenagel condensation · Michael addition
Introduction Today, the development of green processes and pollutant-free catalyst has great importance and nanotechnology offers the opportunity to create processes green from the beginning [1]. In parallel, the green synthesis of metallic and metal oxide NPs is the center of attraction for researchers as they have unusual optical, chemical, photochemical and electronic properties [2]. Among the various available nanocatalysts, ZnO nanocatalysts have attracted wide interest due to their innumerable applications and sustainable nature. ZnO NPs are used in transistors, light-emitting diodes, ultraviolet optoelectronic devices, solar cell, biosensors and photocatalysis [3]. On the other hand, they are efficiently used in many reactions such as Ugi reaction [4] and Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction [5] because of their reactivity, selectivity, stability and reusability at elevated temperature in various solvents. Therefore, developing eco-friendly and cost-effective method for the synthesis of ZnO NPs with controlled morphology is a target for many scholars. Moreover, plant extract (PE) is applied in a wide range in green synthesis of metal oxide because it contains various biological active compounds.
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