Enhanced short-chain carboxylic acids yield in dark fermentation by cyclic product removal
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Enhanced short-chain carboxylic acids yield in dark fermentation by cyclic product removal Muhammad Tahir Ashraf 1 & Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel 1 & Ashfaq Ahmad 2 Hanifa Taher AlBlooshi 2 & Jens Ejbye Schmidt 1 & Fawzi Banat 2
&
Abdul Hai 2 &
Received: 14 July 2020 / Revised: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Disposal of carbon-rich wastes, such as food waste, is one of the several environmental concerns raised nowadays. Conversion of organic residues by dark fermentation produces short-chain (C1–C6) carboxylic acids, which are valuable chemical building blocks. The objective of this study was to optimize the operational parameters and perform comparative studies of cyclic and batch mode dark fermentation for carboxylic acid production from food waste. A maximum yield of short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) 0.21 ± 0.012 g-SCCAs/g-TS in 50 g-TS/L was obtained in the cyclic mode as compared with the 0.13 ± 0.011 gSCCAs/g-TS in the batch mode. The results showed that the use of the cyclic mode increased the carboxylic acid yield from 54 (batch mode) to 88%. Keywords Food waste . Carboxylic acids . Anaerobic . Dark fermentation . Cyclic mode
1 Introduction Food waste (FW) is a severe problem raised across the world, and its disposal poses several environmental issues. Typically, food wastes are thrown daily at landfills, which produce large amounts of greenhouse gasses, such as methane and carbon dioxide [1]. As per recent records, more than one billion tons of FW are accumulated each year globally [2, 3], which need to be re-used at least to recover their high-value constituents and energy employed for their production. It is more practical to focus on converting FW to value-added chemicals. Dark fermentation involves the transformation of a wide range of organic feedstock, mainly residues, into a mixture of valuable products, such as carboxylic acids and hydrogen [4]. Carboxylic acid production by dark fermentation appears as
* Ashfaq Ahmad [email protected] * Fawzi Banat [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
a sustainable process in the synthesis of valuable chemicals, i.e., an alternative to the petrochemical refinery [5, 6]. The main carboxylic acids produced by dark fermentation are short-chain carboxylic acids such as formic (C1), acetic (C2), propionic (C3), butyric (C4), valeric (C5), and caproic (C6) acids [7, 8]. These carboxylic acids are important building block chemicals with growing market demand. The estimated market size for acetic, propionic, lactic, and butyric acid is 14,000–17,000, 90–105, 540, and 350–470 kt/year, and the market prices range between 415–915, 2286–2850, 1000– 1600, and 1715–1885 USD/ton, respectively [9, 10]. The market demand is expected to
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