Environment friendly refrigerant options for automobile air conditioners: a review
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Environment friendly refrigerant options for automobile air conditioners: a review M. Mohanraj1,3 · J. D. Andrew Pon Abraham2 Received: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract In this paper, the environment friendly refrigerant options suitable for automobile air conditioners are reviewed. Initially, the thermophysical, thermodynamic and chemical characteristics of the environment friendly refrigerant options are presented. Then, the reviews of research investigations reported on environment friendly refrigerant options (such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, composite mixed refrigerants and nanorefrigerants) are presented. The limitations and further research needs with environment friendly refrigerant options are identified and listed. The paper concludes that the hydrocarbon refrigerants will dominate the automobile air conditioning sector due to their good thermodynamic, thermophysical and environmental properties. Secondary loop configurations are recommended for the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants to reduce the flammable risk. The carbon dioxide is identified as a good option for electrical vehicles operating at low ambient conditions. The hydrofluoroolefins have short atmospheric life and get decomposed in the atmosphere and form tri-fluoro-acetic acid, which is harmful to the aquatic environment. Hence, hydro-fluoro-olefins are identified as an interim option. The outcome of this review is more helpful to the manufacturers and researchers working in the field of automobile air conditioners. Keywords Environment friendly refrigerants · Automobile air conditioners · Nanorefrigerant Abbreviations AAC Automobile air conditioner COP Coefficient of performance GWP Global warming potential ODP Ozone depletion potential HC Hydrocarbon HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HFO Hydrofluoroolefins MO Mineral oil PAG Polyalkylene glycol POE Polyolester TEGWI Total equivalent global warming impact TFA Trifluoroacetic acid
* M. Mohanraj [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641032, India
2
Department of Automobile Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, India
3
Heat Pump Research Institute, Coimbatore, India
Introduction Nowadays, the air conditioners become standard equipment of modern automobiles to ensure passenger comfort [1]. The cooling loads of an automobile air conditioner (AAC) includes: (a) solar heat gain through the cabin roof and wind screens; (b) heat gain by infiltration and ventilation of air; (c) heat gain by passengers; and (d) heat gain by electrical accessories inside the cabin. The air conditioners in automobiles provide ventilation and thermal comfort environment to the passengers [2]. The compression refrigeration cycle is the good option for automobile air conditioners due to its compactness and less mass with high coefficient of performance (COP) [3]. The halogenated refrigera
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