Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes
Cryogenic refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures were developed under classified and proprietary programs for many years, and it was only after 1991 that the world realized the importance of the mixed refrigerant systems for cryogenic refrigera
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INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SERIES
General Editors:
K.D. Timmerhaus, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Carlo Rizzuto, Department of Physics University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Founding Editor:
K. Mendelssohn, F.R.S. (deceased)
G. Venkatarathnam
CRYOGENIC MIXED REFRIGERANT PROCESSES
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Gadhiraju Venkatarathnam Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai – 600036 India [email protected]
Series Editors Klaus D. Timmerhaus Department of Chemical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0424 USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-0-387-78513-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78514-1
Carlo Rizzuto Department of Physics University of Genova Genova Italy
e-ISBN: 978-0-387-78514-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930787 c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Dedicated to the loving memory of my father G. V. Narasimham
Preface
This monograph deals with mixed refrigerant processes that operate at temperatures less than 123 K. Most conventional cryogenic refrigerators and liquefiers operate with pure fluids, the major exception being natural gas liquefiers that use mixed refrigerant processes. The fundamental aspects of mixed refrigerant processes, though very innovative, have not received the due attention in the open literature in view of commercial interests. Hundreds of patents exist on different aspects of mixed refrigerant processes for the liquefaction of natural gas and the composition of mixtures for Joule–Thomson (Linde–Hampson) and other refrigerators. It is difficult to piece together the existing information to choose an appropriate process and an optimum composition for a given application. The main purpose of this monograph is to explain all the aspects of mixed refrigerant processes and the methods for choosing the composition of refrigerants using robust analytical methods based on sound thermodynamic principles. All concepts required to design and evaluate mixed refrigerant processes including exergy are introduced from first principles in the first chapter. The performance of traditional cryogenic processes that o
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