Environment Shapes the Microbiome of the Blue Orchard Bee, Osmia lignaria
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INVERTEBRATE MICROBIOLOGY
Environment Shapes the Microbiome of the Blue Orchard Bee, Osmia lignaria RRH: Environmental Drivers of Bee Microbiome Hamutahl Cohen 1
&
Quinn S. McFrederick 2
&
Stacy M. Philpott 1
Received: 5 June 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Wild bees encounter environmental microbes while foraging. While environmental context affects bee diversity, little is known about it how affects the wild bee microbiome. We used field surveys in 17 urban gardens to examine whether and how variation in local and landscape habitat features shapes the microbiome of the solitary Blue Orchard Bee, Osmia lignaria. We installed O. lignaria cocoons at each site, allowed bees to emerge and forage, then collected them. We measured local features of gardens using vegetation transects and landscape features with GIS. We found that in microbiome composition between bee individuals varied by environmental features such as natural habitat, floral resources, and bee species richness. We also found that environmental features were associated with the abundance of bacterial groups important for bee health, such as Lactobacillus. Our study highlights complex interactions between environment context, bee species diversity, and the bee-associated microbes. Keywords Microbiome . Bee-microbe interactions . Horizontal-transmission . Urban gardens
Introduction An insect hosts a collection of microorganisms, called the microbiome. The microbiome can impact host fitness through impacts to nutrition, growth rate regulation and stress tolerance, and protection against parasites and pathogens [1–5]. While the microbiome is considered important for immunity, it is not known how ecological processes shape and change the microbiome [6]. Insects acquire microbes through vertical transmission, but also through horizontal transmission, from the environment and social interactions [7, 8]. For example, the insect microbiome may be influenced by available diet [8–12] and the specific geographical location where the insect Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01549-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hamutahl Cohen [email protected] 1
Environmental Studies Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
2
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
host is found [13–16]. While the impact of habitat context on the insect microbiome has been studied for predatory insects that rely on arthropod prey as food resources [17], systematic studies on the effect of environmental context on the solitary bee microbiome are lacking. For solitary bees, the ways in which environmental context impacts the microbiome may be especially important because bee decline is attributed, in part, to environmental changes such as loss of floral resources and nesting habitat [18–20]. Multiple qualitative syntheses suggest t
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