Environmental Bioengineering Volume 11
The impact of pollution on the environment has emerged as a particularly critical area of research in recent years. The Handbook of Environmental Engineering is a collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three bas
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V OLUME 11 H ANDBOOK OF E NVIRONMENTAL E NGINEERING
Environmental Bioengineering Edited by Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA
Joo-Hwa Tay, PhD, PE Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, PhD Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Yung-Tse Hung, PhD, PE, DEE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, USA [email protected] Dr. Joo-Hwa Tay Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected] Dr. Stephen Tiong Lee Tay Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected] Dr. Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-58829-493-7 e-ISBN: 978-1-60327-031-1 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-031-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928632 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Dedications The editors of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series dedicate this volume to late Mr. Thomas L. Lanigan (1938–2006), who was the founder and president of Humana Press, and to late Dr. Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, who served as a Co-editor of this volume and was an Associate Professor of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Preface The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste production, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions
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