Environmental neurotoxic pollutants: review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Environmental neurotoxic pollutants: review Ashif Iqubal 1 & Musheer Ahmed 2 & Shahnawaz Ahmad 1 & Chita Ranjan Sahoo 3 & Mohammad Kashif Iqubal 2 & Syed Ehtaishamul Haque 1 Received: 21 March 2020 / Accepted: 16 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Environmental pollutants are recognized as one of the major concerns for public health and responsible for various forms of neurological disorders. Some of the common sources of environmental pollutants related to neurotoxic manifestations are industrial waste, pesticides, automobile exhaust, laboratory waste, and burning of terrestrial waste. Among various environmental pollutants, particulate matter, ultrafine particulate matter, nanoparticles, and lipophilic vaporized toxicant (acrolein) easily cross the blood–brain barrier, activate innate immune responses in the astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, and exert neurotoxicity. Growing shreds of evidence from human epidemiological studies have correlated the environmental pollutants with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, myelin sheath disruption, and alterations in the blood–brain barrier anatomy leading to cognitive dysfunction and poor quality of life. These environmental pollutants also considerably cause developmental neurotoxicity, exhibit teratogenic effect and mental growth retardance, and reduce IQ level. Until now, the exact mechanism of pollutant-induced neurotoxicity is not known, but studies have shown interference of pollutants with the endogenous antioxidant defense system, inflammatory pathway (Nrf2/NF-kB, MAPKs/PI3K, and Akt/ GSK3β), modulation of neurotransmitters, and reduction in long-term potentiation. In the current review, various sources of pollutants and exposure to the human population, developmental neurotoxicity, and molecular mechanism of different pollutants involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders have been discussed. Keywords Heavy metals . Nanoparticles . Blood . brain barrier . Microglia . Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
Introduction Neurotoxicity is an etiological phenomenon of alteration in the structure and function of the central nervous systems (CNS) via a biological, chemical, or physical agent (Salvi et al. 2020). Diseases resulting due to neurotoxicity include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), cognitive disorders, neurovascular diseases such as brain aneurysms, neurodevelopmental diseases such as attention Responsible editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Syed Ehtaishamul Haque [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
3
Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
deficit hyperactive disorder (
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