Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treatment
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the environment has gained increasing attention the past two decades. After administration, PhACs are excreted and thus delivered with wastewater to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTP
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ontents 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Pharmaceuticals? 2 Regulatory Aspects 2.1 Environmental Risk Assessment Aspects in the Registration of Pharmaceuticals 2.2 The Occurrence of Drugs in the Aquatic Environment 3 Overview of the Environmental Risk Assessment process 4 Environmental Risk Assessment of Wastewater Effluents 5 Environmental Risk Assessment as a Tool to Evaluate the Removal Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment 6 Discharge of Wastewater and Sludge in the Receiving Environment; Risk Assessment 7 Environmental and Human Health Risks of Reclaimed Water Irrigation 8 Future Perspectives in Environmental Risk Assessment of PhACs 8.1 Emphasis on Environmental Mixtures 8.2 Bioanalytical Tools to Capture Mixture Effects 8.3 Toxicogenomics 8.4 Antibiotic Resistance References
A. Ginebreda Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain D. Barceló Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain University of Girona, Girona, Spain S. Rodríguez-Mozaz (*) Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain University of Girona, Girona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Paqui Blánquez Cano, and Montserrat Sarrà Adroguer (eds.), Removal and Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_694, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Ginebreda et al.
Abstract The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the environment has gained increasing attention the past two decades. After administration, PhACs are excreted and thus delivered with wastewater to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTP effluents are usually discharged into receiving environment and, therefore, a high proportion of pollutants (including pharmaceuticals) can enter water bodies (surface or sea water), but also soils and eventually groundwater. The risk that pharmaceuticals can pose to the environment depends not only on compound concentration but also on its toxicity. In this chapter, different existing risk assessment approaches are presented, applied to the effluents from conventional WWTPs but also from alternative and advance wastewater treatment processes. Environmental Risk assessment (ERA) can also be applied as a tool to evaluate the removal efficiency of a wastewater treatment. Moreover, special focus is paid to assess the risk of pharmaceuticals in water reclamation practices such as crop irrigation. Finally, some research lines or topics that demand greater attention related to ERA in wastewater treatment are addressed such as toxicogenomics, antibiotic resistance, and evaluation of impact of chemical mixtures. Keywords Environmental hazard, Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), Toxicity, Wastewater effluent
1 Introduction 1.1
Why Pharmaceuticals?
Our continuously growing technological society has given rise to extensive and intensive use of chemicals on a global scale. More than 140,000 chemicals are routinely used by both industry and hou
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