Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Yueling ZHANG, Junjie LI, Huan LIU, Guangling ZHAO, Yajun TIAN, Kechang XIE
Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China
© Higher Education Press 2020
Abstract This paper aims to discuss an environmental, social, and economic analysis of energy utilization of crop residues from life cycle perspectives in China. The methodologies employed to achieve this objective are environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), life cycle cost (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Five scenarios are developed based on the conversion technologies and final bioenergy products. The system boundaries include crop residue collection, transportation, pre-treatment, and conversion process. The replaced amounts of energy are also taken into account in the E-LCA analysis. The functional unit is defined as 1 MJ of energy produced. Eight impact categories are considered besides climate change in E-LCA. The investment capital cost and salary cost are collected and compared in the life cycle of the scenarios. Three stakeholders and several subcategories are considered in the S-LCA analysis defined by UNEP/ SETAS guidelines. The results show that the energy utilization of crop residue has carbon emission factors of Received Dec. 4, 2019; accepted Mar. 3, 2020; online Sept. 20, 2020 Yueling ZHANG Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciense and Engineering, North China Electic Power University, Beijing 102206, China Junjie LI, Huan LIU School Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijng 100083, China
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Guangling ZHAO ( ) Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2820, Denmark E-mail: [email protected]
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Yajun TIAN ( ) National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China E-mail: [email protected] Kechang XIE Chinese Acadamy of Engineering, Beijing 100088, China
0.09–0.18 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ), and presents a net carbon emissions reduction of 0.03–0.15 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ) compared with the convectional electricity or petrol, but the other impacts should be paid attention to in the biomass energy scenarios. The energy utilization of crop residues can bring economic benefit to local communities and the society, but the working conditions of local workers need to be improved in future biomass energy development. Keywords crop residue, life cycle assessment, life cycle cost, social life cycle assessment, energy production
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Introduction
One of the major objectives of energy development is to become a low-carbon and secure energy system [1,2]. Biomass, especially crops and wood residues, is the firstever fuel consumed by human beings before the first Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. In the 21st century, establishing a sustainable energy system has become a global objective of energy technology development, where renewable energy is replacing fossil fuels for the production
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