Epicardium and Coronary Arteries
Congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases of coronary blood vessels are of paramount clinical relevance. Although important advances have been made in the diagnoses of these conditions, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control the devel
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Epicardium and Coronary Arteries José C. Martín-Robles and José M. Pérez-Pomares
Contents 6.1 6.2
Introduction The Embryonic Epicardium and Forming Coronary Vessels Constitute a Developmental Unit 6.2.1 Tissue Interaction During Embryonic Development 6.2.2 Formation of the Epicardial Epithelium from Pro-epicardial Progenitor Cells 6.2.3 Epicardial EMT 6.2.4 Epicardium-Myocardium Molecular Crosstalk 6.3 Diversity of Coronary Cell Lineages 6.3.1 Developmental Potential of Epicardial Cells 6.3.2 Hierarchical Differentiation of Coronary Blood Vessel Cell Progenitors Conclusion References
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Abstract
Congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases of coronary blood vessels are of paramount clinical relevance. Although important advances have been made in the diagnoses of these conditions, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control the development of the coronary vascular bed and their involvement in
J.C. Martín-Robles Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain J.M. Pérez-Pomares (*) Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Hospital Carlos de Haya, Málaga, Spain e-mail: [email protected] © Springer-Verlag Wien 2016 S. Rickert-Sperling et al. (eds.), Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart: Clinical Features, Human Genetics and Molecular Pathways, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1883-2_6
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J.C. Martín-Robles and J.M. Pérez-Pomares
coronary blood vessel pathophysiology remains incomplete. The aim of this chapter is to provide a succinct account of the key elements of coronary blood vessel development, especially in relationship to the epicardium and its epicardially derived cells. We will discuss the importance of the epicardial cell lineage in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis, from the contribution of epicardially-derived mesenchymal cells to these blood vessels to its role as an instructive signaling center, attempting to relate these concepts to the origin of coronary disease.
6.1
Introduction
Coronary artery disease is a prevalent condition in Western countries. It is intimately associated with risk factors including dietary habits, smoking, and sedentary life, all of which are difficult to manage even in the context of general policies to prevent cardiovascular disease. Quite obviously, disability and early death are the two most important consequences of cardiovascular disease. These chronic conditions significantly contribute to the estimated expense of 192,000 million €/year invested by the European Union to treat cardiovascular diseases. Together with adult coronary artery disease, widely regarded as an “acquired” ailment, congenital anomalies of coronary blood vessels (arteries and veins) have a significant incidence in newborns, with a prevalence ranging between 0.21 and 5.79 %, depending upon the definition of the anomaly and the diagnos
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