Epigenetic signatures underlying inflammation: an interplay of nutrition, physical activity, metabolic diseases, and env
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Inflammation Research
REVIEW
Epigenetic signatures underlying inflammation: an interplay of nutrition, physical activity, metabolic diseases, and environmental factors for personalized nutrition Omar Ramos‑Lopez1 · Fermin I. Milagro2,3,4 · Jose I. Riezu‑Boj2,3 · J. Alfredo Martinez2,3,4,5 Received: 8 September 2020 / Revised: 26 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Aim and objective Emerging translational evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, miRNA expression, and histone modifications) occur after external stimuli and may contribute to exacerbated inflammation and the risk of suffering several diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the harmful effects of high-fat/high-sugar diets, micronutrient deficiencies (folate, manganese, and carotenoids), obesity and associated complications, bacterial/viral infections, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, sleep deprivation, chronic stress, air pollution, and chemical exposure on inflammation through epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, the epigenetic phenomena underlying the anti-inflammatory potential of caloric restriction, n-3 PUFA, Mediterranean diet, vitamin D, zinc, polyphenols (i.e., resveratrol, gallic acid, epicatechin, luteolin, curcumin), and the role of systematic exercise are discussed. Methods Original and review articles encompassing epigenetics and inflammation were screened from major databases (including PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, etc.) and analyzed for the writing of the review paper. Conclusion Although caution should be exercised, research on epigenetic mechanisms is contributing to understand pathological processes involving inflammatory responses, the prediction of disease risk based on the epigenotype, as well as the putative design of therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenome. Keywords Inflammation · Epigenetics · Nutrition · Environmental factors · Personalized nutrition
Introduction
Responsible Editor: John Di Battista. * Fermin I. Milagro [email protected] 1
Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
2
Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 1 Irunlarrea Street, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
3
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
4
CIBERobn, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
5
Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Madrid, Spain
Inflammation encompasses a myriad of pathophysiological and immune responses to diverse environmental “insults”, such as toxins or pathogens, in order to facilitate tissue recovery and to maintain homeostasis [1]. These mitigation and reparation processes are mediated by the production and recruitment of cytokines, chemo
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