Essentials of Quantitative Imaging with PET
The two most important characteristics of positron emission tomography (PET) are its high sensitivity (pico- to nan-molar range) and its ability to accurately measure the concentration of a positron-emitting radionuclide within the human body. In fact, PE
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Adriaan A. Lammertsma
Contents 10.1 Characteristics of PET
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10.2 Issues in Quantification
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10.3 Data Acquisition Issues 10.3.1 Normalization 10.3.2 Injected Activity 10.3.3 Cross-Calibration
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10.4 Data Processing Issues 10.4.1 Decay and Dead-Time 10.4.2 Random and Scattered Coincidences 10.4.3 Image Reconstruction 10.4.4 Tissue Attenuation 10.4.5 Patient Motion 10.4.6 Volume of Interest Definition 10.4.7 Partial Volume Effects
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10.5 Data Analysis Issues 10.5.1 Arterial Input Function 10.5.2 Tissue Uptake
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10.6 Compartmental Models 10.6.1 Single-Tissue Compartmental Model 10.6.2 Two-Tissue Compartmental Model 10.6.3 Reference Tissue Models
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10.7 Practical Modelling Issues 10.7.1 Weighting Factors 10.7.2 Model Selection Criteria
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10.8 Parametric Imaging 10.8.1 Linearizations 10.8.2 Patlak and Logan Plots 10.8.3 Basis Function Methods 10.8.4 Validation 10.8.5 Semi-Quantification
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10.9 Conclusions
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References
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Learning Objectives A. A. Lammertsma (*) Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]
• To understand the basic principle of PET quantification • To realize that uptake images represent summed images of several biological processes • To get an understanding when and how PET data should be quantified
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 D. Volterrani et al. (eds.), Nuclear Medicine Textbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95564-3_10
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• To realize that quantification requires attention to many data acquisition, data processing, and data analysis issues • To understand the need for an accurate arterial input function • To know when a reference tissue input function is sufficient • To understand the basic principles of tracer kinetic modelling • To understand the basic principles of parametric imaging • To understand the limitations of simplified semiquantitative methods
rial sampling may be essential. Finally, for many applications, an intermediate semiquantitative method may be adequate. Nevertheless, all semiquantitative methods should first be validated by comparing results with those derived from a fully quantitative method.
10.1 Characteristics of PET
10.3 Data Acquisition Issues
The two most important characteristics of positron emission tomography (PET) are its high sensitivity (pico- to nanomolar range) and its ability to accurately measure the concentration of a positron-emitting radionuclide within the human body. In fact, PET was developed in the 1970s as a noninvasive in vivo method to measure regional physiology (originally blood flow, oxygen utilization, and glucose metabolism) in humans [1, 2]. Its high sensitivity facilitated the development of tracer studies of neuroreceptors i
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