Esterification of Ethanol and Maleic Acid in Packed Bed Reactor Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Silica (SAFS)
This research work was carried out to develop optimum continuous process for the esterification of ethanol with maleic acid by using surface modified sulfonic acid functionalized silica catalyst in a packed bed glass reactor (3 cm ID and 46 cm height) at
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1 Introduction Organic esters were widely used in the synthesis of various chemicals (Ogliaruso and Wolfe 1991). These are commonly used as flavouring and fragrancing agents, intermediate in drugs, plasticizers in polymer synthesis, solvents, perfumery and in other various fine chemicals. These are also used in verity of applications in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries (Zaidi et al. 1995). Conventionally organic esters were extensively produced in a batch reactor catalyzed by either homogeneous acid catalysts or with heterogeneous acid catalysts. Solid supported acid catalyst were used in fixed bed reactor to achieve the maximum reaction rates. Homogeneous catalysts shows better activity but requires more effective separation and purification downstream processes. Therefore eco-friendly solid catalyst are extensive used in industry, as these reduces processing steps and offers more advantages over homogeneous catalyst (Kirumakki et al. 2006). Difficulties encountered while using homogeneous catalysts are overcome by using heterogeneous catalyst like zeolites, metal oxides, acid treated clays, ion exchange resin (Chakrabati and Sharma 1993; Yadav and Thathagar 2002). These solid catalysts become attractive alternative because of their eco-friendly nature, easily recovered and reused (Hass et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2003; Kulkarni and Dalai 2006; Phan and Phan 2008). Considering the economical aspect, hybrid acid solid catalyst can be synthesized by anchoring reactive centres of traditional acid catalyst onto the inorganic solid material such as silica gel (Shylesh et al. 2004;
R. Sirsam (&) G. Usmani University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 I. Regupathi et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in Chemical Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1633-2_5
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Karimi and Khalkhali 2005; Adam et al. 2012; Shah et al. 2013; Ziarani et al. 2013), clays (Vijaykumar et al. 2012; Baura et al. 2014), titanium dioxide (Atghia and Beigbaghlou 2013), carbon (Chang et al. 2013). In the current work, SAFS has been synthesized and characterized previously in our laboratory (Sirsam and Usmani 2015) was used as catalyst for the esterification of ethanol with maleic acid in packed bed reactor (PBR). An objective of this work was to optimize the process parameters in PBR by using Response surface methodology (RSM) (Aziz et al. 2008).
2 Material and Method 2.1
Chemicals
All the chemicals required for the experimentation were of analytical grade and purchased from reputed companies (s. d. fine Chemicals ltd., Sisco Chem, Sigma Aldrich, Merck, Fisher Scientific). Silica gel, hydrochloric acid, methanol, toluene, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy-silane (3MPTMS), hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid were used for the synthesis of sulfonic acid functionalized silica (SAFS). Maleic acid, ethanol and potassium hydroxide were used for esterification and analysis purpose.
2.2
Analysis
Chemical analysis
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