Estimating In Situ Biodegradation Rates of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Microbial Population Dynamics by Performing Single
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Estimating In Situ Biodegradation Rates of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Microbial Population Dynamics by Performing Single-Well Push–Pull Tests in a Fractured Bedrock Aquifer Yunchul Cho & Kyungjin Han & Namhee Kim & Sunhwa Park & Young Kim
Received: 26 May 2012 / Accepted: 7 November 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
Abstract The single-well push–pull test (SWPPT) was adapted to quantify in situ aerobic respiration and denitrification rates and to assess microbial population dynamics in a petroleum-contaminated fractured bedrock aquifer. Among three test wells, significant dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption was observed only in one well, with average zero- and first-order rate coefficients of 0.32±0.63 and 7.07±13.85 mmolL−1 day−1, respectively. Of the four test wells, significant NO3− consumption was noted in three wells. The average zero- and firstorder rate coefficients were 2.87±2.21 and 11.83± 7.99 mmolL−1 day−1, respectively. These results indicate that NO3− was more effectively consumed within this Y. Cho Department of Environmental Engineering, Daejeon University (Former: Research Institute for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea), Daejeon, South Korea K. Han : Y. Kim (*) Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University, Choongnam, South Korea e-mail: [email protected]
fractured bedrock aquifer. Significant DO or NO3− (electron acceptors (EAs)) consumption, the limited contribution of Fe(II) to overall EAs consumption, the production of dissolved CO2 during aerobic respiration and denitrification tests, and N2O production strongly suggest that the EAs consumption was largely due to microbial activity. Detection of Variovorax paradox, benzenedegrading culture, and 28 novel microbial species after the addition of O2 or NO3− suggests that EA injection into a fractured rock aquifer may stimulate aerobic or denitrifying petroleum-degrading microbes. Therefore, SWPPT may be useful for quantifying in situ aerobic respiration and denitrification rates and for assessing microbial population dynamics in petroleumcontaminated fractured bedrock aquifers. Keywords Push–pull test . Toluene . Biodegradation rate . Fractured bedrock aquifer Abbreviations SWPPT Single-well push–pull test BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene ED Electron donor EA Electron acceptor CS Carbon source
N. Kim SK Innovation Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
1 Introduction
S. Park National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
Groundwater contamination by petroleum compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
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(BTEX) is a serious environmental problem (Kao and Wang 2000; Fagerlund and Niemi 2007; Vieira et al. 2007). Remediation technologies such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, and chemical oxidation have been used for remediating petroleum-contaminated aquifers. Of these, in situ bioremediation is of great interest because it provides a potential cost-effective alternative (Kleikemper et al. 20
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