Estimation and dispersion analysis of shipping emissions in Bandirma Port, Turkey
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Estimation and dispersion analysis of shipping emissions in Bandirma Port, Turkey S. Levent Kuzu1 · Levent Bilgili2 · Alper Kiliç3 Received: 10 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Ships emit numerous of pollutants from their stacks. Those emissions have substantial impact on urban areas since they are located on the proximity of residential and commercial areas. Estimation of these emissions, their effects, and their health impact remains crucial for environmental planning. This study was conducted in Bandirma, where is a district with immense port activity. First, we calculated the emissions, originated from ships, at berth. PM10, NOx, SO2, and CO emissions were 182.4, 7,996.6, 1,681.6, and 239.6 tons, respectively. The total environmental cost of the emissions was €41,146,400. Then, we employed air quality modelling by AERMOD. The concentrations of PM10, NOx, SO2, and CO were estimated on a 10 × 10 km domain, which covered the whole Bandirma district. This availed us to identify the most impacted areas by shipping emissions. Although the emissions were higher than other ports in the Marmara Sea, ground-level concentrations were lower. This was related to the effect of meteorology on pollutant dispersion. Consequently, we proposed administrative recommendations in order to manage the environmental impact of the emissions. Keywords Ship exhaust emissions · Bandirma Port · Exhaust emission dispersion · AERMOD · Environmental cost
* Levent Bilgili [email protected] S. Levent Kuzu [email protected] Alper Kiliç [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
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Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Maritime Faculty, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Central Campus, 10200 Balikesir, Turkey
3
Department of Marine Engineering Operations, Maritime Faculty, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Central Campus, 10200 Balikesir, Turkey
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1 Introduction Although ships and ports are responsible for a limited share of emissions on the global scale, a large human population and a wide surrounding area are affected by these emissions. The main compounds emitted from ships are nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), black carbon (BC), and particulate organic matter (POM) (Lloyds Register 1995). Marine diesel engines mostly use high-sulphur heavy fuel, which is the main source of NOx, sulphur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM) emissions (Guo et al. 2015; Nunes et al. 2017). Apart from the global impact of emitted greenhouse gases (GHG’s), ports’ property, of being close to urban areas, highlights the spatial impact of ship exhaust pollutants upon the health of the human population and the condition of the built environment (Tzannatos 2010a, b). A large number of comprehensive studies were cond
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