Energy Efficiency and Economic Analysis of Walnut Production in Turkey
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ORIGINALBEITRAG
Energy Efficiency and Economic Analysis of Walnut Production in Turkey Gökhan Unakitan1 · Osman Inan1 Received: 19 November 2018 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Turkey is one of the countries that is the gene center and the homeland of walnuts. The purpose of the study was to determine the energy uses of walnut production in Turkey. In the study, the energy efficiency of walnut production, net energy, energy productivity, and specific energy were examined. In addition, the benefit-cost ratio, the use of direct and indirect energy, renewable and non-renewable energy were determined. Data was obtained from walnut producers in the Istanbul province of Turkey by using a survey. Surveys were performed with 48 walnut producers. Total energy input and total energy output of the surveyed orchards were calculated as 12,605 MJ ha–1 and 23,300 MJ ha–1 respectively. The energy use efficiency was calculated as 1.85 for the walnut production. While specific energy was calculated as 5.95 MJ kg–1 energy productivity was calculated 0.17 kg MJ–1 in the study. According to economic analysis, it was determined that the walnut producers had 4850 US$ ha–1 net return per year. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated as 1.51. As a result of the study, it was determined that the walnut production was preferable in the region.
Keywords Energy efficiency · Specific energy · Environmental effect · Walnut productivity · Renewable energy · Benefit-cost ratio
Energieeffizienz und Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse der Walnussproduktion in der Türkei Schlüsselwörter Energieeffizienz · Spezifische Energie · Umwelteffekt · Produktivität von Walnüssen · Erneuerbare Energie · Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis
Introduction Turkey has a high agricultural potential in the world regarding ecological features. Turkey is one of the countries that is the gene center and the homeland of walnuts. Soil and climatic requirements for the healthy development of the walnut is available on the territory of Turkey. Healthy nutrition has recently become an important issue in the world, and nuts, one of the fastest-consuming food products, are among the investment preferences of producers in terms of economy and nutrition. Walnut farming is a type of fruit that has a wide range in the world. There is Gökhan Unakitan
[email protected] 1
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
a high consumer demand for walnuts. Walnuts have intense nutrition in terms of protein and essential fatty acids. Especially, walnuts are more abundant than many hazelnuts in rich in omega-6 acids and polyunsaturated fats called linoleic acid (Anonymous 2018a). They are a rich source of vitamins containing vitamin B6, vitamin C, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate and pantothenic acid. They also contain minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, and sodium. Walnuts also contain other important substances s
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