Estrogen as a Promising Multi-Active Agent for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes neurological deficits leading to devastating functional disabilities. The only clinical treatment available is high dose methylprednisolone, which has limited efficacy. Recent studies have recognized estrogen, a steroid hor
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Abel Lajtha (Ed.)
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma Volume Editors: Naren Banik and Swapan K. Ray
With 120 Figures and 28 Tables
Editor Abel Lajtha Director Center for Neurochemistry Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA Volume Editors Naren Banik Department of Neurosciences Division of Neurology Medical University of South Carolina 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 Charleston, SC 29425 USA
Swapan K. Ray Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine 6439 Garners Ferry Road Building 2, Room C11 Columbia, SC 29209 USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006922553 ISBN: 978-0-387-30343-7 Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under ISBN: 978-0-387-35443-9 The electronic version of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978-0-387-30426-7 The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978-0-387-35478-1 ß 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid‐free paper
SPIN: 11417828 2109 - 5 4 3 2 1 0
Preface
This volume deals with nervous system injuries, repair and therapeutic approaches, and some neurodegenerative diseases not covered in other volumes of the Handbook. How current research changed our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, cell demise leading to loss of function, whether in traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), or neurodegenerative diseases, and therapeutic approaches to ameliorate dysfunction of these devastating conditions are emphasized. Central nervous system (CNS) trauma (TBI and SCI combined) is one of the major causes of death in the United States and is one of the main killers (perhaps number one) of the young people below the mid-thirties. While TBI kills the majority of these victims, SCI, depending on the severity, leads to lifelong disability and despair at the time of their highest productivity. One of the most important areas in medicine now is the repair of the damaged tissue of injured brain and spinal cord so the function may be improved or restored. The major problem facing clinicians and researchers is the failure of brain and spinal cord to repair or regenerate t
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