Etiology and Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Developmental Biology Perspective
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disorder of the joints during which cartilage lining the articular surface of the bones undergoes progressive, irreversible damage, ultimately resulting in disability in locomotion. The current understanding about the path
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Etiology and Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Developmental Biology Perspective Akrit Pran Jaswal, Ayan Ray, and Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disorder of the joints during which cartilage lining the articular surface of the bones undergoes progressive, irreversible damage, ultimately resulting in disability in locomotion. The current understanding about the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is far from complete, and no effective therapy is available to tackle osteoarthritis. Analyzing the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis from the vantage point of a developmental biologist indicates that the molecular and histological changes observed during osteoarthritis closely recapitulate embryonic cartilage differentiation, thereby offering a new paradigm to understand this disease. In order to come up with new strategies for halting disease progression or initiating regeneration, it is important to understand the etiology of osteoarthritis from a molecular perspective afforded by developmental biological studies. Keywords
Articular cartilage • BMP • Development • Osteoarthritis • Transient cartilage
A.P. Jaswal • A. Bandyopadhyay, Ph.D. (*) Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India e-mail: [email protected] A. Ray, Ph.D. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 A. Mukhopadhyay (ed.), Regenerative Medicine: Laboratory to Clinic, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3701-6_2
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Abbreviations ACI Autologous chondrocyte implantation ChM-I Chondromodulin-I CSPCs Cartilage stem/progenitor cells MACI Matrix-assisted chondrocyte implantation NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PCL Polycaprolactone PTHrP Parathyroid hormone-related peptide
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Introduction to Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a painful and chronic disorder of the joints which affects a large number of people across the world. It affects all joints in the body but the most commonly affected are hands, hips, and knee joints. The tissue that is principally affected in osteoarthritis is articular cartilage, which is a thin tissue that lines the ends of long bones in adult vertebrate skeleton and makes locomotion possible at joints. The incidence rates of osteoarthritis have witnessed a steep rise in the last century or so [1]. It was not however without mention in the older medical literature as it was described by Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna. It was scientifically described for the first time in De Humanis Corporis Fabrica by Vesalius in 1541 where articular cartilage and synovial fluids were discussed. The modern scientific description dates to 1829 when it was described by Benjamin Brodie. In 1890, Archibald Garrod coined the term osteoarthritis to describe a spontaneous inflammation or degradation of the articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis comes from the Greek words osteo, bone; arthr, joint; and itis, inflammation. During the last century
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