Evaluation of antifungal and disinfectant-resistant Candida species isolated from hospital wastewater
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Evaluation of antifungal and disinfectant‑resistant Candida species isolated from hospital wastewater Emel Mataraci‑Kara1 · Merve Ataman2 · Gulsum Yilmaz3 · Berna Ozbek‑Celik1 Received: 2 June 2020 / Revised: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study aims to examine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species isolated from hospital wastewater, and the efficacy of widely used disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride) against planktonic and biofilm cells were assessed. Susceptibility testing demonstrated that the two azoles were more effective against C. albicans than non-albicans isolates. When we determine the efficiency of disinfectants against the planktonic cells, benzalkonium chloride did not show any activity in all the studied strains under tested conditions except C. albicans-1. However, sodium hypochlorite showed ≥ 4 l og10 killing in viable cells for different contact times. On the other hand, while 0.1% and 1% concentrations of benzalkonium chloride showed fungicidal activity against biofilm cells, sodium hypochlorite at 1% only demonstrated fungicidal activity. Those results showed that surface water is a possible transmission path for fungi in the investigated hospital region and may be a health risk, especially for the immunocompromised host. Keywords Hospital · Wastewater · Candida · Disinfectant · Biofilm
Introduction Candida spp. may create severe nosocomial infections, and it serves the fourth common prevalent agent isolated from bloodstream infections in numerous regions. Candida albicans is the principal species which creates hospital-acquired Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Emel Mataraci‑Kara [email protected] Merve Ataman [email protected] Gulsum Yilmaz [email protected] Berna Ozbek‑Celik [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazit‑Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
infections. However, other kinds of non-albicans Candida, such as C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. lusitaniae have demonstrated an extended frequency of nosocomial infections (Savastano et al. 2016). Candida spp. are also the most common yeasts included in immunosuppressed patients and in individuals with continued antimicrobial medications being connected with a significant rate of antifungal resistance and an extended ability to create biofilms, that get the therapy of those infections hard (Černáková et al. 2019). Candida spp. biofilms can occur on natural host surfaces or biomaterials used in indwelling medicinal materials. Importantly, such biofilms are phenotypically different from their ’free-living’ or planktonic patte
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