Evaluation of spray applications of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana against larval w
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Evaluation of spray applications of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana against larval winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus Cheryl Frank Sullivan1 · Bruce L. Parker1 · Agrin Davari1 · Mi Rong Lee2 · Jae Su Kim2 · Margaret Skinner1 Received: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae), the winter tick, is a one-host tick that parasitizes large ungulates. They can dramatically affect moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), causing significant physiological and metabolic stress and mortality among heavily parasitized individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi in the genera Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) are promising tick biological control agents. We examined the pathogenicity of experimental and commercially formulated isolates of M. anisopliae, M. brunneum and B. bassiana sprayed at concentrations of 106, 107 and 1 08 conidia/mL against the larval stage of D. albipictus and assessed the efficacy of spraying the commercial product Met52®EC, containing M. brunneum, strain F52, under laboratory conditions. Results showed larval D. albipictus mortality was significantly higher and occurred earlier when treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates compared to B. bassiana at 1 06, 107 and 1 08 conidia/mL. Mortality was observed as early as 3 days in the M. anisopliae and M. brunneum treatments and after 6 days in the B. bassiana treatments. After 21 days, larval mortality ranged from 74–99% when ticks were treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates at 106, 107 and 108 and conidia/ mL. In contrast, mortality of ticks treated with B. bassiana ranged from 30 to 64%. When larvae were treated with the commercial product Met52, mortality was ~ 45% after 3 days and ~ 96% after 9 days. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of M. anisopliae and M. brunneum against D. albipictus. Keywords Dermacentor albipictus · Biological control · Biopesticide · Entomopathogenic fungi · Metarhizium anisopliae · Metarhizium brunneum · Beauveria bassiana
* Cheryl Frank Sullivan [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Experimental and Applied Acarology
Introduction Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi for the biological control of ticks are an alternative to chemical pesticides (Beys-da-Silva et al. 2020; Fernandes et al. 2012). Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) have been the focus of development into mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides, worldwide. Several species and isolates are commercially available to manage a wide array of agricultural pests, but few are specifically registered for ticks (Arthurs and Dara 2019; Faria and Wraight 2007). Metarhizium brunneum Petch F52—formerly Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain F52 (Bischoff et al. 2
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