Evidence-Based Surgery A Guide to Understanding and Interpreting the

The purpose of this book specifically is to teach surgeons (academic or community), surgical fellows and surgical residents regardless of the surgical specialty, the skills to appraise what they read in the surgical literature.  Surgeons need to be a

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Evidence-Based Surgery

Achilles Thoma Sheila Sprague Sophocles H. Voineskos Charles H. Goldsmith •

Editors

Evidence-Based Surgery A Guide to Understanding and Interpreting the Surgical Literature

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Editors Achilles Thoma Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada Sheila Sprague Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada

Charles H. Goldsmith Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada

Sophocles H. Voineskos Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada

ISBN 978-3-030-05119-8 ISBN 978-3-030-05120-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05120-4

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018963289 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The terms Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and Evidence-Based Surgery (EBS) are ubiquitous now. With very few exceptions, however, most surgeons who use these terms do not have a good grasp of the meaning of these words. The editors of this book have the privilege of being associated with the institution (McMaster University) where the ideas and concepts of EBM and EBS originated. The British Medical Journal heralded EBM as one of the top 15 advances in health car