Evolutionary aspects of the Viridiplantae nitroreductases
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(2020) 18:60
Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
RESEARCH
Open Access
Evolutionary aspects of the Viridiplantae nitroreductases Siarhei A. Dabravolski
Abstract Background: Nitroreductases are a family of evolutionarily related proteins catalyzing the reduction of nitrosubstituted compounds. Nitroreductases are widespread enzymes, but nearly all modern research and practical application have been concentrated on the bacterial proteins, mainly nitroreductases of Escherichia coli. The main aim of this study is to describe the phylogenic distribution of the nitroreductases in the photosynthetic eukaryotes (Viridiplantae) to highlight their structural similarity and areas for future research and application. Results: This study suggests that homologs of nitroreductase proteins are widely presented also in Viridiplantae. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstruction method and comparison of the structural models suggest close evolutional relation between cyanobacterial and Viridiplantae nitroreductases. Conclusions: This study provides the first attempt to understand the evolution of nitroreductase protein family in Viridiplantae. Our phylogeny estimation and preservation of the chloroplasts/mitochondrial localization indicate the evolutional origin of the plant nitroreductases from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. A defined high level of the similarity on the structural level suggests conservancy also for the functions. Directions for the future research and industrial application of the Viridiplantae nitroreductases are discussed. Keywords: Nitroreductase, Viridiplantae, Cyanobacteria, Phylogeny, Evolution
Background Nitroreductases are a family of closely related proteins that catalyze the reduction of nitro-substituted compounds, using FMN (Flavin mononucleotide) or FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) as a cofactor and NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) as a reducing agent. Nitroreductases are ancient enzymes, with approximate evolutionary age ~ 2.5 billion years and represented by more than 26,000 known sequences [19]. In addition to the nitroreduction reaction, nitroreductases are known to catalyze a wide range of other reactions (dehalogenation, dehydrogenation, flavin fragmentation) and apply a wide range of substrates (metal ions, quinone, flavin, nitroaromatic, and enone compounds) (reviewed in [61]). While nitroreductase enzymes are Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], 7/11 Dovatora St., 210026 Vitebsk, Belarus
widespread and their reactions diversity is wellcharacterized, nearly all modern research for has been concentrated on the proteins of Escherichia coli. Thus, elucidating the evolutionary relations of the plant nitroreductases could facilitate their further research and industrial application. Nitroreductases have high potential in their utility in activating prodrugs in directed anticancer therapies (reviewed in [61]. Bac
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