The Evolutionary Aspects of Flowering Control: Florigens and Anti-Florigens
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The Evolutionary Aspects of Flowering Control: Florigens and Anti-Florigens M. A. Lebedevaa, *, I. E. Doduevaa, M. S. Ganchevaa, V. E. Tvorogovaa, K. A. Kuznetsovaa, and L. A. Lutovaa aDepartment
of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 29, 2020; revised May 20, 2020; accepted June 16, 2020
Abstract—For successful survival and reproduction in various environmental conditions, over the course of evolution, plants have formed a complex of regulatory mechanisms that control their development depending on environmental changes. The transition of plants to sexual reproduction is an important stage in their life cycle, and depending on the growing conditions, different groups of plants choose optimal periods to induce this development program. The initiation of flowering in angiosperms is controlled by a series of complex regulatory pathways that integrate information from the environment, primarily temperature and photoperiod, which are indicators of the changing seasons and thus signals for starting the flowering program. In Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the key regulators of flowering is the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, a florigen, whose homologs have been found in other angiosperms. This review considers molecular mechanisms of flowering regulation with the participation of FT-like proteins in different plant groups, as well as the role of these proteins in other developmental processes. Particular attention is paid to the evolutionary changes that occurred in FT-like genes during adaptation to certain environmental conditions, as well as during plant breeding. Keywords: FT, TFL1, florigen, flowering, photoperiod, tubers, bulbs DOI: 10.1134/S102279542011006X
INTRODUCTION The transition of plants to sexual reproduction is an important stage in their life cycle, and depending on the growing conditions, different groups of plants choose optimal periods to induce this development program. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of flowering are evolutionarily conservative in different groups of angiosperms and have common regulatory components whose modes of action are determined by individual biological characteristics of species and their growing conditions. In a number of cases, mutations that lead to changes in the flowering time in different plant species are observed in homologous genes, and the existence of such forms confirms N.I. Vavilov’s ideas about the patterns of variability formulated 100 years ago [1], which are based on the evolutionary conservatism of regulators that control the formation of a complex of traits of living organisms. There are several known ways of flowering regulation: (1) photoperiodic regulation, which is associated with the effect of changes in the length of daylight hours; (2) vernalization, which is determined by prolonged exposure to low temperatures; (3) hormonal regulation, in which gibberellin plays a central role; (4) an autonomous pathway that cont
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