Evolutionary Biology Volume 15

Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greate

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A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Evolutionary Biology VOLUME 15 Edited by

MAXK.HECHT Queens College of the City University of New York Flushing, New York BRUCE WALLACE Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia and

GHILLEAN T. PRANCE New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York

PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: 1%7Evolutionary biology. v. 1New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.

v. illus. 24 cm. annual. Editors: 1967-

T. Dobzhansky and others.

1. Evolution-Period. 2. Biology-Period. Grigorievich, 1900QH366.AIE9 575 1 .005

I. Dobzhansky, Theodosius

67-11961

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-11961 JSBN-13: 978-1-4615-6970-1 e-JSBN-13: 978-1-4615-6968-8 DOl: lO.lO07/978-1-4615-6968-8 ©1982 Plenum Press, New York Sof'tcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

Contributors CHARLES F. AQUADRO • Department of Molecular and Population Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 JOHN C. AVISE • Department of Molecular and Population Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 ALWYN H. GENTRY • Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 BARRY G. HALL • Microbiology Section, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268 KARIN HOFF • Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7

ANTONI HOFFMAN • Geological Institute, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, West Germany; permanent address: Wiejska 14 m. 8, PL-OO490, Warszawa, Poland ROSS J. MACINTYRE • Section of Genetics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 M. F. MICKEVICH • Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024

JOAN M. MIYAZAKI • Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367 v

vi

Contributors

WOLF·ERNST REIF • Department of Geology and Paleontology, University of Tiibingen, Tiibingen, West Germany W. VAN DELDEN • Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands RICHARD J. WASSERSUG • Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7

Preface Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length and depth than those normally published by society jou