Exercise and Diet: Uncovering Prospective Mediators of Skeletal Fragility in Bone and Marrow Adipose Tissue
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BONE MARROW AND ADIPOSE TISSUE (B LECKA-CZERNIK AND G DUQUE, SECTION EDITORS)
Exercise and Diet: Uncovering Prospective Mediators of Skeletal Fragility in Bone and Marrow Adipose Tissue Sarah E. Little-Letsinger 1
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Gabriel M. Pagnotti 2
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Cody McGrath 1
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Maya Styner 1
Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To highlight recent basic, translational, and clinical works demonstrating exercise and diet regulation of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and bone and how this informs current understanding of the relationship between marrow adiposity and musculoskeletal health. Recent Findings Marrow adipocytes accumulate in the bone in the setting of not only hypercaloric intake (calorie excess; e.g., diet-induced obesity) but also with hypocaloric intake (calorie restriction; e.g., anorexia), despite the fact that these states affect bone differently. With hypercaloric intake, bone quantity is largely unaffected, whereas with hypocaloric intake, bone quantity and quality are greatly diminished. Voluntary running exercise in rodents was found to lower MAT and promote bone in eucaloric and hypercaloric states, while degrading bone in hypocaloric states, suggesting differential modulation of MAT and bone, dependent upon whole-body energy status. Energy status alters bone metabolism and bioenergetics via substrate availability or excess, which plays a key role in the response of bone and MAT to mechanical stimuli. Summary Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a fat depot with a potential role in—as well as responsivity to—whole-body energy metabolism. Understanding the localized function of this depot in bone cell bioenergetics and substrate storage, principally in the exercised state, will aid to uncover putative therapeutic targets for skeletal fragility. Keywords Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) . Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) . Exercise . Bone marrow cells . Caloric restriction
An Inverse Relationship Between Adipocytes and Other Cells in the Bone Marrow Niche Led to Initial Scientific Investigations Marrow adipose tissue (MAT), a depot that rises in states of skeletal fragility like osteoporosis, associates with reduced bone quantity and increased fracture risk [1–4]. As a responsive component of the marrow microenvironment, MAT and its physiologic function have garnered increased interest. This article is part of Topical Collection on Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue * Sarah E. Little-Letsinger [email protected] 1
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Distinct from white and brown adipose depots, adipocytes anatomically join hematopoietic and mesenchymal precursors and related cells within the marrow niche and may play a key role in hematopoietic function [5–7]. MAT’s locus within bone, as well as a limited ability to access and isolate it from other bone marrow component
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