Exosomes from oral tissue stem cells: biological effects and applications
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(2020) 10:108 Shi et al. Cell Biosci https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00471-7
Open Access
REVIEW
Exosomes from oral tissue stem cells: biological effects and applications Quan Shi1†, Na Huo1†, Xing Wang2,3, Shuo Yang1, Juncheng Wang1* and Tong Zhang1*
Abstract As natural nanoparticles, exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer and contain various cargos, including miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins. Exosomes have rapidly gained attention as a highly promising cell-free therapy. Because the cargo of exosomes changes with the changes in parent cells and status, exosomes from different types of cells may exhibit different biological effects. Considering the particularity of oral tissue stem cells, their exosomes were isolated and used to examine their related biological functions and the possibility of replacing stem cells. A variety of exosomes of oral tissue stem cells were studied, and the results revealed many special biological characteristics of these exosomes and their parent cells, especially immunomodulation, osteogenesis, odontogenesis, neuroprotection, nerve regeneration, wound healing, skin regeneration and vascularization. The oral tissue stem cell exosomes may be loaded with drugs or genes and act as tools for tumor treatment. The relevant results showed that exosomes from oral tissue stem cells were potent therapeutic tools. The present review focuses on the biological function and application of oral tissue stem cell-derived exosomes. Keywords: Exosomes, Oral tissue stem cells, Biology function, Regenerative medicine Introduction Many studies have revealed the potential of stem cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis, tissue engineering, wound healing and immunotherapy [1–3]. However, the application of stem cells also has its limitations, such as mutagenic tumorigenesis, contamination, immunorejection, and ethical limitations [4, 5]. Therefore, the identification of a method to avoid the shortcomings of stem cells and make good use of its advantages has become a hot research area. Current evidence demonstrates that many of beneficial outcomes of stem cell therapy have been localized to their paracrine effects instead of cell replacement or transplanted cell differentiation, which could activate endogenous repair pathways [6–9]. As an important component of paracrine activity, exosomes *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Shi Quan and Huo Na contributed equally to this work. 1 Institute of Stomatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
play a major role in multiple aspects of cell-to-cell interactions, and they are widely involved in tissue repair and regeneration, immune regulation, and organism development [10–12]. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by living cells, enclosed by a lipid bilayer and contain various cargos, including miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins, which range in size from 30 to 150 nm [13–
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