Exploration of Circulating Tumour Cell (CTC) Biology: A Paradigm Shift in Liquid Biopsy
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Exploration of Circulating Tumour Cell (CTC) Biology: A Paradigm Shift in Liquid Biopsy Anshika Chauhan1 • Rajandeep Kaur1 • Sushmita Ghoshal2 • Arnab Pal1
Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 Ó Association of Clinical Biochemists of India 2020
Abstract Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), are disseminated tumour cells found in the blood in solid tumour malignancies. Identification of CTCs act as emerging tools in the field of the Liquid Biopsy. Majority of the studies focused on detection and enumeration of CTCs due to technological challenges those results from the rarity of CTCs in the blood. Enumeration of CTCs has already proven their value as prognostic as well as predictive biomarkers for disease prognosis. However, recent advances in technology permitted to study the molecular and functional features of CTCs and these features have the potential to change the diagnostic, prognostic and predictive landscape in oncology. In this review, we summarize the paradigm shift in the field of liquid biopsy-based cancer diagnostics using CTC isolation and detection. We have discussed recent advances in the technologies for molecular characterization of CTCs which have aided a shift from CTC enumeration to an in-depth analysis of the CTC genome, transcriptomes, proteins, epigenomes along with various functional features. Finally, as a prognosticating strategy, the potentials of CTCs as a tool of liquid biopsy to predict micrometastasis, monitor prognosis and how to use them as an additional tool for cancer staging has been discussed. Keywords Liquid biopsy Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) Diagnosis Prognosis Molecular characteristics & Arnab Pal [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
2
Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
of CTCs Genomics Transcriptomics Proteomics Cancer staging
Introduction Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) are the cancer cells those detach from a solid tumour lesion and enter the circulation. CTCs contain a specific population of precursors cells that are responsible for the metastatic process and there is a great deal of interest in using them as a tool of liquid biopsy to diagnose the micro-metastatic disease as well as to monitor and predict the course of the disease. The isolation of viable CTCs in the unaltered or minimally changed state was limited for a long time due to technological challenges owing to the rarity of CTCs in comparison to normal blood cells. However, with the recent advances in high throughput technologies for analyzing single-cell biology made during the last decade, interrogation of CTCs at the molecular and functional level and to assess their suitability for clinical applications have gained interest. Enumeration of CTCs has already proven their value as prognostic as well as predictive biomarkers for disease prognosis. Also, their suitability for additional application
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