Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensors to Facilitate Liquid Biopsy for Detection of Circulating Tumor Markers
Miniaturized sensors to facilitate liquid biopsy for early cancer detection and monitoring the disease progression have been unprecedentedly advanced in the recent years, among which electrochemical sensors, offer advantages with their features such as si
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Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensors to Facilitate Liquid Biopsy for Detection of Circulating Tumor Markers Yi-Ge Zhou, Leyla Kermansha, Libing Zhang, and Reza M. Mohamadi
Abstract Miniaturized sensors to facilitate liquid biopsy for early cancer detection and monitoring the disease progression have been unprecedentedly advanced in the recent years, among which electrochemical sensors, offer advantages with their features such as simplicity, fast response, low cost and capability for miniaturization. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of recent advances in using miniaturized electrochemical sensors for detection of circulating tumor markers, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating nucleic acids (cNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Representative examples will be given for each marker based on different electrochemical approaches, and combination of electrochemistry with other technologies and strategies will be shown. Keywords Electrochemical sensors · Liquid biopsy · Circulating tumor cell · Circulating tumor DNA · Exosomes
Y.-G. Zhou (*) Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] L. Kermansha Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada L. Zhang · R. M. Mohamadi (*) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 M. Tokeshi (ed.), Applications of Microfluidic Systems in Biology and Medicine, Bioanalysis 7, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_4
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Introduction Circulating Tumor Markers
Cancer is a group of diseases associated with the growth and spread of abnormal cells. It is considered a localized disease in its early stage but becomes systemic once the abnormal cells invade or spread to other parts of the body, causing metastasis, which is responsible for 90% of cancer related deaths [7]. Few symptoms are evident at the early stage of cancer; by the time the symptoms appear and progress to an advanced stage, cancer is far more difficult to treat. Cancer survival rates, therefore, tend to be very low due to the late-stage diagnosis as well as the limited access to timely and effective treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need for early and accurate detection of cancer. In addition, during the course of treatment, it is necessary to monitor the progress of the disease. Ideally, this monitoring could be done using less invasive blood tests. Once the blood sample is taken, it can be tested for several biomarkers simultaneously. A tumor biomarker refers to a biomarker found in serum, urine, or body tissues that is altered in the presence of cancer. Specifically, circulating
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