Exposure to mercury induced early apoptotic signals in human placental BeWo cells through alteration of cell cycle regul
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Exposure to mercury induced early apoptotic signals in human placental BeWo cells through alteration of cell cycle regulation Mi Jin Kim1 · Chul‑Hong Kim1 · Mi‑Jin An1 · Geun‑Seup Shin1 · Hyun‑Min Lee1 · Ji‑Young Kim1 · Jae Yoon Hwang1 · Ju‑Hyun Lee1 · Jung‑Woong Kim1 Accepted: 6 August 2020 © The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicoproteomics 2020 2020
Abstract Backgrounds Heavy metals are environmental pollutants and their breakdown is regarded as a serious risk to human health. Despite increasing evidence that heavy metals have adverse effects in vivo and in vitro, there is no evidence of the effect of heavy metals during placental formation. Objective We determined the effect of heavy metals on cell viability of BeWo human placental cells using MTS assay and live and dead assay. We also evaluated cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis by heavy metal treatment using FACS analysis. Results Mercury chloride induces severe cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase by the accumulation of cyclin B. Furthermore, we identified that mercury chloride induces apoptosis by enhancing the activity of caspase-3. However, we were unable to confirm the deleterious effect of lead in BeWo cells. Conclusion Our results suggested that exposure to heavy metals, specifically mercury chloride, induced cytotoxic effects in BeWo cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Keywords Heavy metals · HgCl2 · PbAc · Apoptosis · Cell cycle arrest · Human placenta cells
Introduction The increase in environmental pollution owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization has had a severe effect on human health. Exposure to hazardous environmental contaminants, such as organic hydrocarbons and pesticides (Ercal et al. 2001; Jarup 2003), severely damages human health; the toxic effects may occur through several pathways, including intake of daily drinking water and food, inhalation of contaminated air, and exposure to industrial waste and contaminated soil (Kim et al. 2018a, b; Mari et al. 2014; Thompson and Darwish 2019). Thus, there is increasing concern about the adverse effects of various pollutants on human health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-020-00098-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jung‑Woong Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
Heavy metals, including lead, mercury, and cadmium, are universal environmental pollutants, conferring toxic properties to the ecosystem and humans. The Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established that the tolerable intake levels for lead and mercury were 25 µg/kg and 1.6 µg/kg body weight per week, respectively (WHO 2007, 2010). Recent guidelines and regulations mandating a reduction in the use of heavy metals as a prominent resource in human lifestyle have resulted in substantial reductions in the blood concentrations of heavy metals. However, critical sources of
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