Extracellular Vesicles: Intercellular Mediators in Alcohol-Induced Pathologies
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INVITED REVIEW
Extracellular Vesicles: Intercellular Mediators in Alcohol-Induced Pathologies Mohammad A. Rahman 1 & Benjamin J. Patters 1 & Sunitha Kodidela 1 & Santosh Kumar 1 Received: 20 December 2018 / Accepted: 25 March 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Though alcoholic liver injury plays the primary role in direct alcohol-related morbidity, alcohol consumption is also interlinked with many other diseases in extra-hepatic tissues/organs. The mechanism of alcoholic tissue injury is well documented, however the mechanisms that affect extra-hepatic tissues have not yet been well defined. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and microvesicles, have been identified as key components of alcohol-induced extra-hepatic effects. We have reviewed the recent findings on the potential impact of alcohol-modified EVs/exosomes production and their downstream effects on extra-hepatic tissues. In this review, we discuss the available information on the cross-talk between hepatocytes and immune cells via EV/ exosomal cargos (miRNA, mRNA, protein, etc.) in alcoholic liver diseases. We also discuss the effects of alcohol exposure on the contents of EVs/exosomes derived from various extra-hepatic tissues and their associated pathological consequences on recipient cells. Finally, we speculate on other potential EV/exosomal agents that may mediate alcohol-induced tissue damage. Keywords Alcohol . Extracellular vesicles . Exosomes . Toxicity . Biomarker . Inflammation
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcoholrelated complications pose a major public health challenge to the world population, contributing to approximately 5% of the global burden of disease and 6% of total deaths annually (WHO 2014). Alcoholic liver injury, which includes hepatitis and cirrhosis, majorly contributes to this problem. In addition to liver damage, excessive alcohol consumption can cause severe damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gastrointestinal tract, the heart and vascular systems, and the endocrine and immune systems (Rusyn and Bataller 2013). The WHO reports that drinking alcohol is associated with more than 60 non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Moreover, recent evidence points to a causative association between alcohol intake and infectious diseases such as HIV-1, tuberculosis, and pneumonia (WHO 2014). For many years, investigators have undertaken research studies to
* Santosh Kumar [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Room 456, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
understand these alcohol-induced hepatic and extra-hepatic complications (Seitz and Becker 2007; Chan and Levitsky 2016). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of alcohol-induced toxic effects follow a multiplicity of pathways. Despite tremendous advancements in the study of alcohol metabolism and its effects, the complete mechanism(s) by which alcohol causes tissue injury, especial
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