The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma
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Cancer Cell International Open Access
REVIEW
The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma Mingzhen Bai1, Wenkang Fu1, Gang Su4, Jie Cao1, Long Gao1, Chongfei Huang1, Haidong Ma1, Jinduo Zhang2,5,6, Ping Yue2,5,6, Bing Bai2,5,6, Yanyan Lin1,2,5,6*†, Wenbo Meng1,2,3,4,5,6*† and Xun Li1,4,5,6,7
Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare tumor that arises from cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells of the bile duct. The tumor is characterized by insidious onset, high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Due to the lack of specific biomarkers, it is difficult to diagnose CCA early and evaluate prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, have emerged as having important roles in cellto-cell communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions. Some research has found that EVs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of CCA. EVs can carry specific molecular substances such as nucleic acids and proteins, which have potential for the diagnosis and therapy of CCA. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of EVs in CCA. We highlight EVs and their functions in the physiology and pathophysiology of CCA, and discuss their therapeutic potential and their role as biomarkers. Keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma, Extracellular vesicles, Exosomes, Biomarkers, Therapy Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tree, accounting for approximately 3% of all gastrointestinal tumors and is the second most common primary liver tumor after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1, 2]. The incidence of CCA varies geographically and demographically, and the overall incidence is still on the rise worldwide [3]. Although the 1-year survival has improved over time, the 5-year survival is less than 10% [4]. Most patients with CCA do not possess exact risk factors and the clinical manifestation may be nonspecific, even in the late-stage of the disease [5]. As such, early detection could improve survival, and this highlights the requirements for novel methods to diagnose and treat CCA.
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Yanyan Lin and Wenbo Meng contributed equally to this work 2 Department of Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Recently, the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cholangiocarcinoma progression has attracted extensive attention. To date, the role of EVs has changed from being nonfunctional discards of cellular components to the current research focus [6, 7]. EVs are nanosized, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells that can transport cargo, including DNA, RNA, and proteins, between cells as a form of intercellular communication [8, 9]. With so many contents, the nascent field of EVs has evolved to have a sharper focus, especially in oncology [10]. Therefore, EVs and their derived cargos have emer
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